SOC Code Descriptions

11-0000 Management Occupations

11-1011	Chief Executives	Determine and formulate policies and provide overall direction of companies or private and public sector organizations within guidelines set up by a board of directors or similar governing body. Plan, direct, or coordinate operational activities at the highest level of management with the help of subordinate executives and staff managers. Illustrative examples: Admiral, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Governor, School Superintendent, University President
11-1021	General and Operations Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the operations of public or private sector organizations, overseeing multiple departments or locations. Duties and responsibilities include formulating policies, managing daily operations, and planning the use of materials and human resources, but are too diverse and general in nature to be classified in any one functional area of management or administration, such as personnel, purchasing, or administrative services. Usually manage through subordinate supervisors. Excludes First-Line Supervisors. Illustrative examples: Department Store Manager, General Superintendent, Operational Risk Manager, Radio Station Manager
11-1031	Legislators	Develop, introduce, or enact laws and statutes at the local, tribal, state, or federal level. Includes only workers in elected positions. Illustrative examples: City Council Member, Senator, Tribal Council Member
11-2011	Advertising and Promotions Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate advertising policies and programs or produce collateral materials, such as posters, contests, coupons, or giveaways, to create extra interest in the purchase of a product or service for a department, an entire organization, or on an account basis. Illustrative examples: Advertising Director, Advertising Executive, Promotions Director
11-2021	Marketing Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate marketing policies and programs, such as determining the demand for products and services offered by a firm and its competitors, and identify potential customers. Develop pricing strategies with the goal of maximizing the firm’s profits or share of the market while ensuring the firm’s customers are satisfied. Oversee product development or monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services. Illustrative examples: Internet Marketing Manager, Marketing Administrator, Marketing Director
11-2022	Sales Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the actual distribution or movement of a product or service to the customer. Coordinate sales distribution by establishing sales territories, quotas, and goals and establish training programs for sales representatives. Analyze sales statistics gathered by staff to determine sales potential and inventory requirements and monitor the preferences of customers. Illustrative examples: District Sales Manager, Export Manager, Regional Sales Manager, Sales Director
11-2032	Public Relations Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities designed to create or maintain a favorable public image or raise issue awareness for their organization or client. Illustrative examples: Public Affairs Director, Publicity Director
11-2033	Fundraising Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities to solicit and maintain funds for special projects or nonprofit organizations. Illustrative examples: Donor Relations Manager, Foundation Director, Funding Coordinator, Fundraising Director
11-3012	Administrative Services Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate one or more administrative services of an organization, such as records and information management, mail distribution, and other office support services. Medical records administrators are included in “Medical and Health Services Managers” (11-9111). Excludes “Facilities Managers” (11-3013) and “Purchasing Managers” (11-3061). Illustrative examples: Records and Information Manager, Records Management Director, University Registrar
11-3013	Facilities Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate operations and functionalities of facilities and buildings. May include surrounding grounds or multiple facilities of an organization’s campus. Excludes “Administrative Services Managers” (11- 3012), “Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers” (11-9141), “First-Line Supervisors of Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Workers” (37-1010), “First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics and Repairers” (49-1011), and “Maintenance and Repair Workers, General” (49-9071). Illustrative examples: Conference Center Manager, Director of University Housing, Stadium Manager
11-3021	Computer and Information Systems Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as electronic data processing, information systems, systems analysis, and computer programming. Excludes “Computer Occupations” (15-1211 through 15-1299). Illustrative examples: Chief Technology Officer, Information Technology Systems Director, Management Information Systems Director
11-3031	Financial Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate accounting, investing, banking, insurance, securities, and other financial activities of a branch, office, or department of an establishment. Excludes “Financial Risk Specialists” (13-2054). Illustrative examples: Bank Branch Manager, Comptroller, Financial Director
11-3051	Industrial Production Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the work activities and resources necessary for manufacturing products in accordance with cost, quality, and quantity specifications. Illustrative examples: Manufacturing Director, Plant Manager, Production Control Manager
11-3061	Purchasing Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the activities of buyers, purchasing officers, and related workers involved in purchasing materials, products, and services. Includes wholesale or retail trade merchandising managers and procurement managers. Illustrative examples: Contracting Manager, Procurement Manager, Purchasing Director
11-3071	Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate transportation, storage, or distribution activities in accordance with organizational policies and applicable government laws or regulations. Includes logistics managers. Illustrative examples: Distribution Center Manager, Traffic Safety Administrator, Warehouse Manager
11-3111	Compensation and Benefits Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate compensation and benefits activities of an organization. Job analysis and position description managers are included in “Human Resources Managers” (11-3121). Illustrative examples: Compensation Director, Employee Benefits Director, Wage and Salary Administrator
11-3121	Human Resources Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate human resources activities and staff of an organization. Excludes managers who primarily focus on compensation and benefits (11-3111) and training and development (11-3131). Illustrative examples: Job Analysis Manager, Labor Relations Director, Personnel Manager, Position Description Manager
11-3131	Training and Development Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the training and development activities and staff of an organization. Illustrative examples: E-Learning Manager, Employee Development Director, Labor Training Manager
11-9013	Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the management or operation of farms, ranches, greenhouses, aquacultural operations, nurseries, timber tracts, or other agricultural establishments. May hire, train, and supervise farm workers or contract for services to carry out the day-to-day activities of the managed operation. May engage in or supervise planting, cultivating, harvesting, and financial and marketing activities. Excludes “First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers” (45-1011). Illustrative examples: Animal Husbandry Manager, Dairy Farm Manager, Fish Hatchery Manager, Orchard
11-9021	Construction Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate, usually through subordinate supervisory personnel, activities concerned with the construction and maintenance of structures, facilities, and systems. Participate in the conceptual development of a construction project and oversee its organization, scheduling, budgeting, and implementation. Includes managers in specialized construction fields, such as carpentry or plumbing. Illustrative examples: Construction Coordinator, Construction Superintendent, General Contractor
11-9031	Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare	Plan, direct, or coordinate academic or nonacademic activities of preschools or childcare centers and programs, including before- and after-school care. Excludes “Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education” (25-2011) and “Childcare Workers” (39-9011). Illustrative examples: Childcare Center Administrator, Head Start Director, Preschool Director
11-9032	Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic, administrative, or auxiliary activities of kindergarten, elementary, or secondary schools. Illustrative examples: Elementary School Principal, High School Principal, Middle School Principal
11-9033	Education Administrators, Postsecondary	Plan, direct, or coordinate student instruction, administration, and services, as well as other research and educational activities, at postsecondary institutions, including universities, colleges, and junior and community colleges. Illustrative examples: Director of Student Services, Provost, University Dean, University Department Chair
11-9039	Education Administrators, All Other	All education administrators not listed separately.
11-9041	Architectural and Engineering Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as architecture and engineering or research and development in these fields. Excludes “Natural Sciences Managers” (11-9121). Illustrative examples: Engineering Design Manager, Global Engineering Manager, Mechanical Engineering
11-9051	Food Service Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities of an organization or department that serves food and beverages. Excludes “Chefs and Head Cooks” (35-1011). Illustrative examples: Banquet Director, Food Service Director, Tavern Operator
11-9071	Gambling Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate gambling operations in a casino. May formulate house rules. Illustrative examples: Casino Manager, Slot Operations Director, Table Games Manager
11-9072	Entertainment and Recreation Managers, Except Gambling	Plan, direct, or coordinate entertainment and recreational activities and operations of a recreational facility, including cruise ships and parks. Illustrative examples: Amusement Park Manager, Fitness Club Manager, Marina Club Manager, Skating Rink Manager, Ski Resort Manager
11-9081	Lodging Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities of an organization or department that provides lodging and other accommodations. Excludes “Food Service Managers” (11-9051) in lodging establishments. Illustrative examples: Bed and Breakfast Innkeeper, Hotel Manager, Innkeeper
11-9111	Medical and Health Services Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate medical and health services in hospitals, clinics, managed care organizations, public health agencies, or similar organizations. Illustrative examples: Chief Medical Information Officer, Clinic Director, Clinical Informatics Director, Health Information Services Manager, Hospital Administrator, Medical Records Administrator, Mental Health Program Manager
11-9121	Natural Sciences Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, statistics, and research and development in these fields. Excludes “Computer and Information Systems Managers” (11-3021) and “Architecture and Engineering Managers” (11-9041). Illustrative examples: Agricultural Research Director, Geophysical Manager, Ocean Program Administrator
11-9131	Postmasters and Mail Superintendents	Plan, direct, or coordinate operational, administrative, management, and support services of a U.S. post office; or coordinate activities of workers engaged in postal and related work in assigned post office. Illustrative examples: Postal Supervisor, Postmaster
11-9141	Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the selling, buying, leasing, or governance activities of commercial, industrial, or residential real estate properties. Includes managers of homeowner and condominium associations, rented or leased housing units, buildings, or land (including rights-of-way). Illustrative examples: Apartment Manager, Building Rental Manager, Leasing Property Manager
11-9151	Social and Community Service Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the activities of a social service program or community outreach organization. Oversee the program or organization’s budget and policies regarding participant involvement, program requirements, and benefits. Work may involve directing social workers, counselors, or probation officers. Illustrative examples: Child Welfare Director, Family Service Center Director, Youth Program Director
11-9161	Emergency Management Directors	Plan and direct disaster response or crisis management activities, provide disaster preparedness training, and prepare emergency plans and procedures for natural (e.g., hurricanes, floods, earthquakes), wartime, or technological (e.g., nuclear power plant emergencies or hazardous materials spills) disasters or hostage situations. Illustrative examples: Disaster Response Director, Emergency Preparedness Coordinator, Public Safety Director
11-9171	Funeral Home Managers	Plan, direct, or coordinate the services or resources of funeral homes. Includes activities such as determining prices for services or merchandise and managing the facilities of funeral homes. Excludes “Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Arrangers” (39-4031). Illustrative examples: Funeral Home Director
11-9179	Personal Service Managers, All Other	All personal service managers not listed separately. Excludes “Financial Specialists” (13-2000). Daycare Managers are included in Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare (11-9031). Illustrative examples: Day Spa Director, Nail Salon Manager, Travel Agency Manager
11-9199	Managers, All Other	All managers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Clerk of Court, Social Science Manager, Utilities Manager

13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations

13-1011	Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	Represent and promote artists, performers, and athletes in dealings with current or prospective employers. May handle contract negotiation and other business matters for clients. Illustrative examples: Band Manager, Literary Agent, Theatrical Agent
13-1021	Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products	Purchase farm products either for further processing or resale. Includes tree farm contractors, grain brokers and market operators, grain buyers, and tobacco buyers. May negotiate contracts. Illustrative examples: Cotton Broker, Fruit Buyer, Livestock Buyer
13-1022	Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	Buy merchandise or commodities, other than farm products, for resale to consumers at the wholesale or retail level, including both durable and nondurable goods. Analyze past buying trends, sales records, price, and quality of merchandise to determine value and yield. Select, order, and authorize payment for merchandise according to contractual agreements. May conduct meetings with sales personnel and introduce new products. May negotiate contracts. Includes assistant wholesale and retail buyers of nonfarm products. Excludes “Procurement Clerks” (43-3061). Illustrative examples: Gold Buyer, Merchandise Buyer
13-1023	Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	Purchase machinery, equipment, tools, parts, supplies, or services necessary for the operation of an establishment. Purchase raw or semifinished materials for manufacturing. May negotiate contracts. Excludes “Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products” (13-1021) and “Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products” (13-1022). Illustrative examples: Equipment, Supplies, and Tools Purchasing Agent, Radio Time Buyer
13-1031	Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators	Review settled claims to determine that payments and settlements are made in accordance with company practices and procedures. Confer with legal counsel on claims requiring litigation. May also settle insurance claims. Excludes “Fire Inspectors and Investigators” (33-2021). Illustrative examples: Fire Claims Adjuster, Health Insurance Adjuster, Property and Casualty Insurance Claims Examiner
13-1032	Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage	Appraise automobile or other vehicle damage to determine repair costs for insurance claim settlement. Prepare insurance forms to indicate repair cost or cost estimates and recommendations. May seek agreement with automotive repair shop on repair costs. Illustrative examples: Automobile Damage Appraiser, Vehicle Damage Appraiser
13-1041	Compliance Officers	Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for or conformity with laws and regulations governing contract compliance of licenses and permits, and perform other compliance and enforcement inspection and analysis activities not classified elsewhere. Excludes “Financial Examiners" (13-2061), “Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents” (13-2081), “Occupational Health and Safety Specialists” (19-5011), “Occupational Health and Safety Technicians” (19-5012), “Transportation Security Screeners” (33-9093), “Agricultural Inspectors” (45- 2011), “Construction and Building Inspectors” (47-4011), and “Transportation Inspectors” (53-6051). Illustrative examples: Driver's License Examiner, Environmental Compliance Inspector, Equal Employment Opportunity Officer
13-1051	Cost Estimators	Prepare cost estimates for product manufacturing, construction projects, or services to aid management in bidding on or determining price of product or service. May specialize according to particular service performed or type of product manufactured. Illustrative examples: Construction Job Cost Estimator, Crating and Moving Estimator, Production Cost Estimator
13-1071	Human Resources Specialist	Recruit, screen, interview, or place individuals within an organization. May perform other activities in multiple human resources areas. Excludes “Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists” (13-1141) and “Training and Development Specialists” (13-1151). Illustrative examples: Human Resources Generalist, Personnel Recruiter, Staffing Coordinator, Student Recruiter, Volunteer Coordinator
13-1074	Farm Labor Contractors	Recruit and hire seasonal or temporary agricultural laborers. May transport, house, and provide meals for workers. Illustrative examples: Harvesting Contractor
13-1075	Labor Relations Specialists	Resolve disputes between workers and managers, negotiate collective bargaining agreements, or coordinate grievance procedures to handle employee complaints. Excludes equal employment opportunity (EEO) officers, who are included in “Compliance Officers” (13-1041). Illustrative examples: Employee Relations Specialist, Labor Relations Consultant, Union Representative
13-1081	Logisticians	Analyze and coordinate the ongoing logistical functions of a firm or organization. Responsible for the entire life cycle of a product, including acquisition, distribution, internal allocation, delivery, and final disposal of resources. Excludes “Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers” (11-3071) and “Project Management Specialists” (13-1082). Illustrative examples: Logistics Analyst, Logistics Planner, Logistics Specialist
13-1082	Project Management Specialists	Analyze and coordinate the schedule, timeline, procurement, staffing, and budget of a product or service on a per project basis. Lead and guide the work of technical staff. May serve as a point of contact for the client or customer. Excludes “Management Occupations” (11-0000), “Logisticians” (13-1081), “Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners” (13-1121), and “Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks” (43-5061). Illustrative examples: Design Project Management Specialists, Movie Project Management Specialists
13-1111	Management Analysts	Conduct organizational studies and evaluations, design systems and procedures, conduct work simplification and measurement studies, and prepare operations and procedures manuals to assist management in operating more efficiently and effectively. Includes program analysts and management consultants. Excludes “Computer Systems Analysts” (15-1211) and “Operations Research Analysts” (15-2031). Illustrative examples: Business Management Analyst, Business Process Consultant, Industrial Analyst, University Institutional Researcher
13-1121	Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners	Coordinate activities of staff, convention personnel, or clients to make arrangements for group meetings, events, or conventions. Illustrative examples: Conference Planner, Corporate Meeting Planner, Wedding Planner
13-1131	Fundraisers	Organize activities to raise funds or otherwise solicit and gather monetary donations or other gifts for an organization. May design and produce promotional materials. May also raise awareness of the organization’s work, goals, and financial needs. Illustrative examples: Campaign Fundraiser, Donor Relations Officer, Fundraising Officer
13-1141	Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	Conduct programs of compensation and benefits and job analysis for employer. May specialize in specific areas, such as position classification and pension programs. Illustrative examples: Employee Benefits Specialist, Job Analyst, Retirement Plan Specialist
13-1151	Training and Development Specialists	Design or conduct work-related training and development programs to improve individual skills or organizational performance. May analyze organizational training needs or evaluate training effectiveness. Excludes “Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1194) and “Other Teachers and Instructors” (25-3000). Flight instructors are included with “Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers” (53-2010). Illustrative examples: Computer Software Training Specialist, Computer Training Specialist, Corporate Trainer, Insurance Employee Trainer
13-1161	Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	Research conditions in local, regional, national, or online markets. Gather information to determine potential sales of a product or service, or plan a marketing or advertising campaign. May gather information on competitors, prices, sales, and methods of marketing and distribution. May employ search marketing tactics, analyze web metrics, and develop recommendations to increase search engine ranking and visibility to target markets. Excludes “Web and Digital Interface Designers” (15-1255), “Art Directors” (27-1011), “Graphic Designers” (27-1024), and “Public Relations Specialists” (27-3031). Illustrative examples: Advertising Analyst, Market Research Specialist, Marketing Consultant, Marketing Forecaster, Search Marketing Strategist
13-1199	Business Operations Specialists, All Other	All business operations specialists not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Mystery Shopper, Ship Purser
13-2011	Accountants and Auditors	Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data. Excludes “Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents” (13-2081). Illustrative examples: Certified Public Accountant, Field Auditor, Internal Auditor
13-2022	Appraisers of Personal and Business Property	Appraise and estimate the fair value of tangible personal or business property, such as jewelry, art, antiques, collectibles, and equipment. Includes workers who appraise both personal and business property as well as real estate. May also appraise land. Excludes “Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators” (13-1031), “Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage” (13-1032), “Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate” (13-2023), and “Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents” (13-2081). Illustrative examples: Estate Appraiser, Machinery Appraiser, Personal Property Assessor
13-2023	Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	Appraise real estate, exclusively, and estimate its fair value. May assess taxes in accordance with prescribed schedules. Excludes “Appraisers of Personal and Business Property” (13-2022).
13-2031	Budget Analysts	Examine budget estimates for completeness, accuracy, and conformance with procedures and regulations. Analyze budgeting and accounting reports. Excludes “Financial and Investment Analysts” (13-2051). Illustrative examples: Budget Examiner, Budget Officer, Cost Analyst
13-2041	Credit Analysts	Analyze credit data and financial statements of individuals or firms to determine the degree of risk involved in extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with credit information for use in decisionmaking. Excludes “Financial Risk Specialists” (13-2054). Illustrative examples: Credit Assessment Analyst, Credit Risk Analyst
13-2051	Financial and Investment Analysts	Conduct quantitative analyses of information involving investment programs or financial data of public or private institutions, including valuation of businesses. Excludes “Budget Analysts” (13-2031), “Financial Risk Specialists” (13-2054), and “Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents” (41-3031). Illustrative examples: Corporate Financial Analyst, Corporate Securities Research Analyst, Institutional Commodity Analyst, Organizational Investment Analyst
13-2052	Personal Financial Advisors	Advise clients on financial plans using knowledge of tax and investment strategies, securities, insurance, pension plans, and real estate. Duties include assessing clients' assets, liabilities, cash flow, insurance coverage, tax status, and financial objectives. May also buy and sell financial assets for clients. Excludes “Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents” (41-3031). Illustrative examples: Estate Planner, Individual Pension Adviser, Personal Investment Adviser
13-2053	Insurance Underwriters	Review individual applications for insurance to evaluate degree of risk involved and determine acceptance of applications. Illustrative examples: Automobile and Property Underwriter, Bond Underwriter, Insurance Analyst
13-2054	Financial Risk Specialists	Analyze and measure exposure to credit and market risk threatening the assets, earning capacity, or economic state of an organization. May make recommendations to limit risk. Excludes “Credit Analysts” (13-2041). Illustrative examples: Financial Risk Analyst
13-2061	Financial Examiners	Enforce or ensure compliance with laws and regulations governing financial and securities institutions and financial and real estate transactions. May examine, verify, or authenticate records. Illustrative examples: Bank Examiner, Financial Compliance Examiner, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Specialist
13-2071	Credit Counselors	Advise and educate individuals or organizations on acquiring and managing debt. May provide guidance in determining the best type of loan and explain loan requirements or restrictions. May help develop debt management plans or student financial aid packages. May advise on credit issues, or provide budget, mortgage, bankruptcy, or student financial aid counseling. Illustrative examples: Debt Management Counselor, Student Financial Aid Counselor, Student Loan Counselor
13-2072	Loan Officers	Evaluate, authorize, or recommend approval of commercial, real estate, or credit loans. Advise borrowers on financial status and payment methods. Includes mortgage loan officers and agents, collection analysts, loan servicing officers, loan underwriters, and payday loan officers. Illustrative examples: Commercial Lender, Loan Reviewer, Payday Loan Officer, Real Estate Loan Officer
13-2081	Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents	Determine tax liability or collect taxes from individuals or business firms according to prescribed laws and regulations. Illustrative examples: Internal Revenue Service Agent, Revenue Collector, Tax Investigator
13-2082	Tax Preparers	Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses. Excludes “Accountants and Auditors” (13-2011). Illustrative examples: Income Tax Advisor, Income Tax Preparer, Licensed Tax Consultant
13-2099	Financial Specialists, All Other	All financial specialists not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Bail Bondsman, Executor of Estate

15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations

15-1211	Computer Systems Analysts	Analyze science, engineering, business, and other data processing problems to develop and implement solutions to complex applications problems, system administration issues, or network concerns. Perform systems management and integration functions, improve existing computer systems, and review computer system capabilities, workflow, and schedule limitations. May analyze or recommend commercially available software. Illustrative examples: Applications Analyst, Data Processing Systems Analyst, Information Systems Analyst, Systems Architect
15-1212	Information Security Analysts	Plan, implement, upgrade, or monitor security measures for the protection of computer networks and information. Assess system vulnerabilities for security risks and propose and implement risk mitigation strategies. May ensure appropriate security controls are in place that will safeguard digital files and vital electronic infrastructure. May respond to computer security breaches and viruses. Excludes “Computer Network Architects” (15-1241). Illustrative examples: Computer Security Specialist, IT Risk Specialist, Network Security Analyst
15-1221	Computer and Information Research Scientists	Conduct research into fundamental computer and information science as theorists, designers, or inventors. Develop solutions to problems in the field of computer hardware and software. Illustrative examples: Computational Theory Scientist, Control System Computer Scientist, Programming Methodology and Languages Researcher
15-1231	Computer Network Support Specialists	Analyze, test, troubleshoot, and evaluate existing network systems, such as local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), cloud networks, servers, and other data communications networks. Perform network maintenance to ensure networks operate correctly with minimal interruption. Excludes “Computer Network Architects” (15-1241) and “Network and Computer Systems Administrators” (15-1244). Illustrative examples: Network Diagnostic Support Specialist, Network Support Technician, Network Technician
15-1232	Computer User Support Specialists	Provide technical assistance to computer users. Answer questions or resolve computer problems for clients in person, via telephone, or electronically. May provide assistance concerning the use of computer hardware and software, including printing, installation, word processing, electronic mail, and operating systems. Excludes “Network and Computer Systems Administrators” (15-1244). Illustrative examples: End-User Support Specialist, Help Desk Technician, IT Support Specialist
15-1241	Computer Network Architects	Design and implement computer and information networks, such as local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), intranets, extranets, and other data communications networks. Perform network modeling, analysis, and planning, including analysis of capacity needs for network infrastructures. May also design network and computer security measures. May research and recommend network and data communications hardware and software. Excludes “Information Security Analysts” (15-1212), “Computer Network Support Specialists” (15-1231), and “Network and Computer Systems Administrators” (15-1244). Illustrative examples: Computer Network Engineer, Network Designer, Network Developer
15-1242	Database Administrators	Administer, test, and implement computer databases, applying knowledge of database management systems. Coordinate changes to computer databases. Identify, investigate, and resolve database performance issues, database capacity, and database scalability. May plan, coordinate, and implement security measures to safeguard computer databases. Excludes “Information Security Analysts” (15-1212) and “Database Architects” (15-1243). Illustrative examples: Database Programmer, Database Security Administrator
15-1243	Database Architects	Design strategies for enterprise databases, data warehouse systems, and multidimensional networks. Set standards for database operations, programming, query processes, and security. Model, design, and construct large relational databases or data warehouses. Create and optimize data models for warehouse infrastructure and workflow. Integrate new systems with existing warehouse structure and refine system performance and functionality. Excludes “Database Administrators” (15-1242). Illustrative examples: Data Architect, Data Integration Specialist, Data Warehousing Specialist, Database Developer
15-1244	Network and Computer Systems Administrators	Install, configure, and maintain an organization’s local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), data communications network, operating systems, and physical and virtual servers. Perform system monitoring and verify the integrity and availability of hardware, network, and server resources and systems. Review system and application logs and verify completion of scheduled jobs, including system backups. Analyze network and server resource consumption and control user access. Install and upgrade software and maintain software licenses. May assist in network modeling, analysis, planning, and coordination between network and data communications hardware and software. Excludes “Information Security Analysts” (15-1212), “Computer Network Support Specialists” (15-1231), and “Computer User Support Specialists” (15-1232). Illustrative examples: Network Analyst, Network Coordinator, Wide Area Network Administrator
15-1251	Computer Programmers	Create, modify, and test the code and scripts that allow computer applications to run. Work from specifications drawn up by software and web developers or other individuals. May develop and write computer programs to store, locate, and retrieve specific documents, data, and information. Illustrative examples: Applications Programmer, Computer Language Coder, IT Programmer, Systems Programmer
15-1252	Software Developers	Research, design, and develop computer and network software or specialized utility programs. Analyze user needs and develop software solutions, applying principles and techniques of computer science, engineering, and mathematical analysis. Update software or enhance existing software capabilities. May work with computer hardware engineers to integrate hardware and software systems, and develop specifications and performance requirements. May maintain databases within an application area, working individually or coordinating database development as part of a team. Illustrative examples: Computer Applications Engineer, Computer Systems Engineer, Mobile Applications Developer, Software Applications Architect, Software Engineer, Systems Software Developer
15-1253	Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers	Develop and execute software tests to identify software problems and their causes. Test system modifications to prepare for implementation. Document software and application defects using a bug tracking system and report defects to software or web developers. Create and maintain databases of known defects. May participate in software design reviews to provide input on functional requirements, operational characteristics, product designs, and schedules. Illustrative examples: Applications Tester, Software Quality Assurance Technician, Software Quality Control Specialist, Software Quality Engineer, Software Test Engineer
15-1254	Web Developers	Develop and implement websites, web applications, application databases, and interactive web interfaces. Evaluate code to ensure that it is properly structured, meets industry standards, and is compatible with browsers and devices. Optimize website performance, scalability, and server-side code and processes. May develop website infrastructure and integrate websites with other computer applications. Excludes “Special Effects Artists and Animators” (27-1014). Illustrative examples: Intranet Developer, Web Applications Developer, Web Architect
15-1255	Web and Digital Interface Designers	Design digital user interfaces or websites. Develop and test layouts, interfaces, functionality, and navigation menus to ensure compatibility and usability across browsers or devices. May use web framework applications as well as client-side code and processes. May evaluate web design following web and accessibility standards, and may analyze web use metrics and optimize websites for marketability and search engine ranking. May design and test interfaces that facilitate the human-computer interaction and maximize the usability of digital devices, websites, and software with a focus on aesthetics and design. May create graphics used in websites and manage website content and links. Excludes “Special Effects Artists and Animators” (27-1014) and “Graphic Designers” (27-1024). Illustrative examples: Digital Designer, Graphic Web Designer, Web Content Specialist
15-1299	Computer Occupations, All Other	All computer occupations not listed separately. Excludes “Computer and Information Systems Managers” (11-3021), “Computer Hardware Engineers” (17-2061), “Electrical and Electronics Engineers” (17-2070), “Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1021), “Special Effects Artists and Animators” (27-1014), “Graphic Designers” (27- 1024), “Health Information Technologists and Medical Registrars” (29-9021), and “Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers” (49-2011). Illustrative examples: Computer Console Operator, Computer Laboratory Technician, Data Center Operator
15-2011	Actuaries	Analyze statistical data, such as mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates and construct probability tables to forecast risk and liability for payment of future benefits. May ascertain insurance rates required and cash reserves necessary to ensure payment of future benefits. Illustrative examples: Actuarial Mathematician, Health Actuary, Insurance Actuary
15-2021	Mathematicians	Conduct research in fundamental mathematics or in application of mathematical techniques to science, management, and other fields. Solve problems in various fields using mathematical methods. Illustrative examples: Algebraist, Cryptographer, Cryptographic Vulnerability Analyst
15-2031	Operations Research Analysts	Formulate and apply mathematical modeling and other optimizing methods to develop and interpret information that assists management with decisionmaking, policy formulation, or other managerial functions. May collect and analyze data and develop decision support software, services, or products. May develop and supply optimal time, cost, or logistics networks for program evaluation, review, or implementation. Illustrative examples: Operations Analyst, Procedure Analyst, Process Analyst
15-2041	Statisticians	Develop or apply mathematical or statistical theory and methods to collect, organize, interpret, and summarize numerical data to provide usable information. May specialize in fields such as biostatistics, agricultural statistics, business statistics, or economic statistics. Includes mathematical and survey statisticians. Excludes “Survey Researchers” (19-3022). Illustrative examples: Biostatistician, Statistical Analyst, Time Study Statistician
15-2051	Data Scientists	Develop and implement a set of techniques or analytics applications to transform raw data into meaningful information using data-oriented programming languages and visualization software. Apply data mining, data modeling, natural language processing, and machine learning to extract and analyze information from large structured and unstructured datasets. Visualize, interpret, and report data findings. May create dynamic data reports. Excludes “Statisticians” (15-2041), “Cartographers and Photogrammetrists” (17-1021), and “Health Information Technologists and Medical Registrars” (29-9021). Illustrative examples: Business Intelligence Developer, Data Analytics Specialist, Data Mining Analyst, Data Visualization Developer
15-2099	Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other	All mathematical scientists not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Harmonic Analyst, Mathematical Engineering Technician

17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations

17-1011	Architects, Except Landscape and Naval	Plan and design structures, such as private residences, office buildings, theaters, factories, and other structural property. Excludes “Landscape Architects” (17-1012) and “Marine Engineers and Naval Architects” (17-2121). Illustrative examples: Building Architect, Building Architectural Designer, Structural Architect
17-1012	Landscape Architects	Plan and design land areas for projects such as parks and other recreational facilities, airports, highways, hospitals, schools, land subdivisions, and commercial, industrial, and residential sites. Illustrative examples: Golf Course Architect, Golf Course Designer, Landscape Designer
17-1021	Cartographers and Photogrammetrists	Research, study, and prepare maps and other spatial data in digital or graphic form for one or more purposes, such as legal, social, political, educational, and design purposes. May work with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). May design and evaluate algorithms, data structures, and user interfaces for GIS and mapping systems. May collect, analyze, and interpret geographic information provided by geodetic surveys, aerial photographs, and satellite data. Illustrative examples: Digital Cartographer, Mapper, Topographer
17-1022	Surveyors	Make exact measurements and determine property boundaries. Provide data relevant to the shape, contour, gravitation, location, elevation, or dimension of land or land features on or near the earth’s surface for engineering, mapmaking, mining, land evaluation, construction, and other purposes. Illustrative examples: Geodetic Surveyor, Land Surveyor, Mineral Surveyor
17-2011	Aerospace Engineers	Perform engineering duties in designing, constructing, and testing aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft. May conduct basic and applied research to evaluate adaptability of materials and equipment to aircraft design and manufacture. May recommend improvements in testing equipment and techniques. Illustrative examples: Aeronautical Engineer, Aircraft Design Engineer, Flight Test Engineer
17-2021	Agricultural Engineers	Apply knowledge of engineering technology and biological science to agricultural problems concerned with power and machinery, electrification, structures, soil and water conservation, and processing of agricultural products. Illustrative examples: Agricultural Production Engineer, Agricultural Research Engineer, Farm Equipment Engineer
17-2031	Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers	Apply knowledge of engineering, biology, chemistry, computer science, and biomechanical principles to the design, development, and evaluation of biological, agricultural, and health systems and products, such as artificial organs, prostheses, instrumentation, medical information systems, and health management and care delivery systems. Illustrative examples: Biomaterials Engineer, Bio-Mechanical Engineer, Dialysis Engineer
17-2041	Chemical Engineers	Design chemical plant equipment and devise processes for manufacturing chemicals and products, such as gasoline, synthetic rubber, plastics, detergents, cement, paper, and pulp, by applying principles and technology of chemistry, physics, and engineering. Illustrative examples: Fuels Engineer, Plastics Engineer, Polymerization Engineer
17-2051	Civil Engineers	Perform engineering duties in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building structures and facilities, such as roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants, and water and sewage systems. Includes architectural, structural, traffic, and geotechnical engineers. Excludes “Hydrologists” (19-2043). Illustrative examples: Bridge Engineer, Construction Engineer, Highway Engineer
17-2061	Computer Hardware Engineers	Research, design, develop, or test computer or computer-related equipment for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use. May supervise the manufacturing and installation of computer or computer-related equipment and components. Excludes “Software Developers” (15-1252) and “Web Developers” (15-1254). Illustrative examples: Computer Hardware Designer, Computer Hardware Developer
17-2071	Electrical Engineers	Research, design, develop, test, or supervise the manufacturing and installation of electrical equipment, components, or systems for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use. Excludes “Computer Hardware Engineers” (17-2061). Illustrative examples: Electrical Systems Engineer, Illuminating Engineer, Power Distribution Engineer
17-2072	Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	Research, design, develop, or test electronic components and systems for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use employing knowledge of electronic theory and materials properties. Design electronic circuits and components for use in fields such as telecommunications, aerospace guidance and propulsion control, acoustics, or instruments and controls. Excludes “Computer Hardware Engineers” (17-2061). Illustrative examples: Circuit Design Engineer, Electronic Design Automation Engineer, Telecommunication Engineer
17-2081	Environmental Engineers	Research, design, plan, or perform engineering duties in the prevention, control, and remediation of environmental hazards using various engineering disciplines. Work may include waste treatment, site remediation, or pollution control technology. Illustrative examples: Environmental Remediation Engineer, Pollution Control Engineer, Soil Engineer, Water Treatment Plant Engineer
17-2111	Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors	Promote worksite or product safety by applying knowledge of industrial processes, mechanics, chemistry, psychology, and industrial health and safety laws. Includes industrial product safety engineers. Illustrative examples: Fire Protection Engineer, Industrial Safety Engineer, Product Safety Engineer
17-2112	Industrial Engineers	Design, develop, test, and evaluate integrated systems for managing industrial production processes, including human work factors, quality control, inventory control, logistics and material flow, cost analysis, and production coordination. Excludes “Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors” (17-2111). Illustrative examples: Efficiency Engineer, Manufacturing Engineer, Packaging Engineer, Production Engineer
17-2121	Marine Engineers and Naval Architects	Design, develop, and evaluate the operation of marine vessels, ship machinery, and related equipment, such as power supply and propulsion systems. Illustrative examples: Marine Architect, Marine Structural Designer, Naval Engineer
17- 2131	Materials Engineers	Evaluate materials and develop machinery and processes to manufacture materials for use in products that must meet specialized design and performance specifications. Develop new uses for known materials. Includes those engineers working with composite materials or specializing in one type of material, such as graphite, metal and metal alloys, ceramics and glass, plastics and polymers, and naturally occurring materials. Includes metallurgists and metallurgical engineers, ceramic engineers, and welding engineers. Illustrative examples: Automotive Sheet Metal Engineer, Forensic Materials Engineer, Metallographer
17-2141	Mechanical Engineers	Perform engineering duties in planning and designing tools, engines, machines, and other mechanically functioning equipment. Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, and repair of equipment such as centralized heat, gas, water, and steam systems. Illustrative examples: Combustion Engineer, Engine Designer, Heating and Cooling Systems Engineer, Tool and Die Engineer
17-2151	Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers	Conduct subsurface surveys to identify the characteristics of potential land or mining development sites. May specify the ground support systems, processes, and equipment for safe, economical, and environmentally sound extraction or underground construction activities. May inspect areas for unsafe geological conditions, equipment, and working conditions. May design, implement, and coordinate mine safety programs. Excludes “Petroleum Engineers” (17-2171). Illustrative examples: Geophysical Engineer, Mineral Engineer, Seismic Engineer
17-2161	Nuclear Engineers	Conduct research on nuclear engineering projects or apply principles and theory of nuclear science to problems concerned with release, control, and use of nuclear energy and nuclear waste disposal. Illustrative examples: Atomic Process Engineer, Nuclear Radiation Engineer, Radiation Engineer, Reactor Engineer
17-2171	Petroleum Engineers	Devise methods to improve oil and gas extraction and production and determine the need for new or modified tool designs. Oversee drilling and offer technical advice. Illustrative examples: Natural Gas Engineer, Oil Drilling Engineer, Oil Exploration Engineer
17-2199	Engineers, All Other	All engineers not listed separately. Excludes “Sales Engineers” (41-9031), “Locomotive Engineers” (53-4011), and “Ship Engineers” (53-5031). Illustrative examples: Calibration Engineer, Metrologist, Optical Engineer, Ordnance Engineer, Photonics Engineer, Salvage Engineer
17-3011	Architectural and Civil Drafters	Prepare detailed drawings of architectural and structural features of buildings or drawings and topographical relief maps used in civil engineering projects, such as highways, bridges, and public works. Use knowledge of building materials, engineering practices, and mathematics to complete drawings. Illustrative examples: Building Drafter, Civil Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Technician, Structural Drafter
17-3012	Electrical and Electronics Drafters	Prepare wiring diagrams, circuit board assembly diagrams, and layout drawings used for the manufacture, installation, or repair of electrical equipment. Illustrative examples: Electrical Computer Aided Design and Drafting Technician, Electrical Systems Drafter, Printed Circuit Board Drafter
17-3013	Mechanical Drafters	Prepare detailed working diagrams of machinery and mechanical devices, including dimensions, fastening methods, and other engineering information. Illustrative examples: Aeronautical Drafter, Automotive Design Drafter, Tool and Die Designer
17-3019	Drafters, All Other	All drafters not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Blueprint Tracer, Geological Drafter, Marine Drafter
17-3021	Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians	Operate, install, adjust, and maintain integrated computer/communications systems, consoles, simulators, and other data acquisition, test, and measurement instruments and equipment, which are used to launch, track, position, and evaluate air and space vehicles. May record and interpret test data. Illustrative examples: Altitude Chamber Technician, Flight Data Technician, Wind Tunnel Technician
17-3022	Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians	Apply theory and principles of civil engineering in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of structures and facilities under the direction of engineering staff or physical scientists. Illustrative examples: Geotechnical Engineering Technician, Highway Engineering Technician, Structural Engineering Technician
17-3023	Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians	Apply electrical and electronic theory and related knowledge, usually under the direction of engineering staff, to design, build, repair, adjust, and modify electrical components, circuitry, controls, and machinery for subsequent evaluation and use by engineering staff in making engineering design decisions. Excludes “Broadcast Technicians” (27-4012). Illustrative examples: Electrical Design Technician, Lighting Engineering Technician, Semiconductor Development Technician
17-3024	Electro-Mechanical and Mechatronics Technologists and Technicians	Operate, test, maintain, or adjust unmanned, automated, servomechanical, or electromechanical equipment. May operate unmanned submarines, aircraft, or other equipment to observe or record visual information at sites such as oil rigs, crop fields, buildings, or for similar infrastructure, deep ocean exploration, or hazardous waste removal. May assist engineers in testing and designing robotics equipment. Illustrative examples: Mechatronics Technician, Remotely Piloted Vehicle Engineering Technician, Robotics Testing Technician, Unmanned Air Systems Operator
17-3025	Environmental Engineering Technologists and Technicians	Apply theory and principles of environmental engineering to modify, test, and operate equipment and devices used in the prevention, control, and remediation of environmental problems, including waste treatment and site remediation, under the direction of engineering staff or scientists. May assist in the development of environmental remediation devices. Illustrative examples: Air Analysis Engineering Technician, Environmental Remediation Engineering Technician, Pollution Control Engineering Technician
17-3026	Industrial Engineering Technologists and Technicians	Apply engineering theory and principles to problems of industrial layout or manufacturing production, usually under the direction of engineering staff. May perform time and motion studies on worker operations in a variety of industries for purposes such as establishing standard production rates or improving efficiency. Illustrative examples: Motion Study Technician, Production Control Technologist, Time Study Technician
17-3027	Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians	Apply theory and principles of mechanical engineering to modify, develop, test, or adjust machinery and equipment under direction of engineering staff or physical scientists. Illustrative examples: Gyroscopic Engineering Technician, Heat Transfer Technician, Optomechanical Technician
17-3028	Calibration Technologists and Technicians	Execute or adapt procedures and techniques for calibrating measurement devices, by applying knowledge of measurement science, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and electronics, sometimes under the direction of engineering staff. Determine measurement standard suitability for calibrating measurement devices. May perform preventive maintenance on equipment. May perform corrective actions to address identified calibration problems. Excludes “Medical Equipment Preparers” (31-9093) and “Timing Device Assemblers and Adjusters” (51- 2061). Illustrative examples: Calibration Technician, Calibration Technologist, Hydrometer Calibrator
17-3029	Engineering Technologists and Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other	All engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters, not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Agricultural Engineering Technician, Biomedical Engineering Technician, Metallurgical Engineering Technician, Optical Engineering Technician, Radar Technicians, Sonar Technicians
17-3031	Surveying and Mapping Technicians	Perform surveying and mapping duties, usually under the direction of an engineer, surveyor, cartographer, or photogrammetrist, to obtain data used for construction, mapmaking, boundary location, mining, or other purposes. May calculate mapmaking information and create maps from source data, such as surveying notes, aerial photography, satellite data, or other maps to show topographical features, political boundaries, and other features. May verify accuracy and completeness of maps. Excludes “Cartographers and Photogrammetrists” (17- 1021), “Surveyors" (17-1022), and “Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers” (19-2042). Illustrative examples: Cartographic Technician, Field Map Technician, GIS Mapping Technician

19-0000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations

19-1011	Animal Scientist	Conduct research in the genetics, nutrition, reproduction, growth, and development of domestic farm animals. Illustrative examples: Animal Nutritionist, Dairy Scientist, Poultry Scientist
19-1012	Food Scientists and Technologists	Use chemistry, microbiology, engineering, and other sciences to study the principles underlying the processing and deterioration of foods; analyze food content to determine levels of vitamins, fat, sugar, and protein; discover new food sources; research ways to make processed foods safe, palatable, and healthful; and apply food science knowledge to determine best ways to process, package, preserve, store, and distribute food. Illustrative examples: Dairy Bacteriologist, Enologist, Food Safety Scientist
19-1013	Soil and Plant Scientists	Conduct research in breeding, physiology, production, yield, and management of crops and agricultural plants or trees, shrubs, and nursery stock, their growth in soils, and control of pests; or study the chemical, physical, biological, and mineralogical composition of soils as they relate to plant or crop growth. May classify and map soils and investigate effects of alternative practices on soil and crop productivity. Illustrative examples: Arboreal Scientist, Horticulturist, Plant Physiologist
19-1021	Biochemists and Biophysicists	Study the chemical composition or physical principles of living cells and organisms, their electrical and mechanical energy, and related phenomena. May conduct research to further understanding of the complex chemical combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, growth, and heredity. May determine the effects of foods, drugs, serums, hormones, and other substances on tissues and vital processes of living organisms. Illustrative examples: Biological Chemist, Clinical Biochemist, Physical Biochemist
19-1022	Microbiologists	Investigate the growth, structure, development, and other characteristics of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, or fungi. Includes medical microbiologists who study the relationship between organisms and disease or the effects of antibiotics on microorganisms. Illustrative examples: Bacteriologist, Public Health Microbiologist, Virologist
19-1023	Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists	Study the origins, behavior, diseases, genetics, and life processes of animals and wildlife. May specialize in wildlife research and management. May collect and analyze biological data to determine the environmental effects of present and potential use of land and water habitats. Illustrative examples: Herpetologist, Ichthyologist, Marine Biologist, Ornithologist
19-1029	Biological Scientists, All Other	All biological scientists not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Embryologist, Osteologist, Paleobotanist
19-1031	Conservation Scientists	Manage, improve, and protect natural resources to maximize their use without damaging the environment. May conduct soil surveys and develop plans to eliminate soil erosion or to protect rangelands. May instruct farmers, agricultural production managers, or ranchers in best ways to use crop rotation, contour plowing, or terracing to conserve soil and water; in the number and kind of livestock and forage plants best suited to particular ranges; and in range and farm improvements, such as fencing and reservoirs for stock watering. Excludes “Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists” (19-1023) and “Foresters” (19-1032). Illustrative examples: Grassland Conservationist, Range Ecologist, Soil Conservationist
19-1032	Foresters	Manage public and private forested lands for economic, recreational, and conservation purposes. May inventory the type, amount, and location of standing timber, appraise the timber’s worth, negotiate the purchase, and draw up contracts for procurement. May determine how to conserve wildlife habitats, creek beds, water quality, and soil stability, and how best to comply with environmental regulations. May devise plans for planting and growing new trees, monitor trees for healthy growth, and determine optimal harvesting schedules. Illustrative examples: Environmental Protection Forester, Forest Ecologist, Timber Management Specialist
19-1041	Epidemiologists	Investigate and describe the determinants and distribution of disease, disability, or health outcomes. May develop the means for prevention and control. Illustrative examples: Epidemiology Investigator, Malariologist, Pharmacoepidemiologist
19-1042	Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	Conduct research dealing with the understanding of human diseases and the improvement of human health. Engage in clinical investigation, research and development, or other related activities. Includes physicians, dentists, pharmacologists, and medical pathologists who primarily conduct research. Practitioners who primarily provide medical or dental care or dispense drugs are included in “Healthcare Diagnosing or Treating Practitioners” (29-1000). Illustrative examples: Cancer Researcher, Immunochemist, Toxicologist
19-1099	Life Scientists, All Other	All life scientists not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Life Science Taxonomist
19-2011	Astronomers	Observe, research, and interpret astronomical phenomena to increase basic knowledge or apply such information to practical problems. Illustrative examples: Astrophysicist, Cosmologist
19-2012	Physicists	Conduct research into physical phenomena, develop theories on the basis of observation and experiments, and devise methods to apply physical laws and theories. Excludes “Biochemists and Biophysicists” (19-1021). Illustrative examples: Fluid Dynamicist, Molecular Physicist, Optical Scientist, Rheologist
19-2021	Atmospheric and Space Scientists	Investigate atmospheric phenomena and interpret meteorological data, gathered by surface and air stations, satellites, and radar to prepare reports and forecasts for public and other uses. Includes weather analysts and forecasters whose functions require the detailed knowledge of meteorology. Illustrative examples: Atmospheric Chemist, Climatologist, Hurricane Tracker, Meteorologist
19-2031	Chemists	Conduct qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses or experiments in laboratories for quality or process control or to develop new products or knowledge. Excludes “Biochemists and Biophysicists” (19-1021) and “Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers” (19-2042). Illustrative examples: Food Chemist, Industrial Chemist, Inorganic Chemist, Research and Development Chemist
19-2032	Materials Scientists	Research and study the structures and chemical properties of various natural and synthetic or composite materials, including metals, alloys, rubber, ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, and glass. Determine ways to strengthen or combine materials or develop new materials with new or specific properties for use in a variety of products and applications. Includes glass scientists, ceramic scientists, metallurgical scientists, and polymer scientists. Illustrative examples: Metal Alloy Scientist, Plastics Scientist
19-2041	Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	Conduct research or perform investigation for the purpose of identifying, abating, or eliminating sources of pollutants or hazards that affect either the environment or public health. Using knowledge of various scientific disciplines, may collect, synthesize, study, report, and recommend action based on data derived from measurements or observations of air, food, soil, water, and other sources. Excludes “Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists” (19-1023), “Conservation Scientists” (19-1031), “Forest and Conservation Technicians” (19-4071), “Occupational Health and Safety Specialists” (19-5011), “Fish and Game Wardens” (33-3031), and “Forest and Conservation Workers” (45- 4011). Illustrative examples: Hazardous Substances Scientist, Health Environmentalist, Water Pollution Scientist
19-2042	Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers	Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the Earth. May use geological, physics, and mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the Earth’s internal composition, atmospheres, and oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Includes mineralogists, paleontologists, stratigraphers, geodesists, and seismologists. Illustrative examples: Geochemist, Oceanographer, Petrologist, Volcanologist
19-2043	Hydrologists	Research the distribution, circulation, and physical properties of underground and surface waters; and study the form and intensity of precipitation and its rate of infiltration into the soil, movement through the earth, and return to the ocean and atmosphere. Illustrative examples: Hydrogeologist, Isotope Hydrologist, Surface Hydrologist
19-2099	Physical Scientists, All Other	All physical scientists not listed separately.
19-3011	Economists	Conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans to address economic problems related to the production and distribution of goods and services or monetary and fiscal policy. May collect and process economic and statistical data using sampling techniques and econometric methods. Excludes “Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists” (13-1161). Illustrative examples: Econometrician, Economic Research Analyst, Environmental Economist, Industrial Economist
19-3022	Survey Researchers	Plan, develop, or conduct surveys. May analyze and interpret the meaning of survey data, determine survey objectives, or suggest or test question wording. Includes social scientists who primarily design questionnaires or supervise survey teams. Excludes “Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists” (13-1161) and “Statisticians” (15-2041). Illustrative examples: Pollster, Survey Methodologist, Survey Questionnaire Designer
19-3032	Industrial - Organizational Psychologists	Apply principles of psychology to human resources, administration, management, sales, and marketing problems. Activities may include policy planning; employee testing and selection, training, and development; and organizational development and analysis. May work with management to organize the work setting to improve worker productivity. Illustrative examples: Engineering Psychologist, Human Resources Psychologist, Management Psychologist
19-3033	Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	Assess, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional disorders of individuals through observation, interview, and psychological tests. Help individuals with distress or maladjustment understand their problems through their knowledge of case history, interviews with patients, and theory. Provide individual or group counseling services to assist individuals in achieving more effective personal, social, educational, and vocational development and adjustment. May design behavior modification programs and consult with medical personnel regarding the best treatment for patients. Excludes “Psychiatrists” (29-1223). Illustrative examples: Eating Disorder Psychologists, Geropsychologists
19-3034	School Psychologists	Diagnose and implement individual or schoolwide interventions or strategies to address educational, behavioral, or developmental issues that adversely impact educational functioning in a school. May address student learning and behavioral problems and counsel students or families. May design and implement performance plans, and evaluate performance. May consult with other school-based personnel. Illustrative examples: Educational Psychologists
19-3039	Psychologists, All Other	All psychologists not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Forensic Psychologist, Social Psychologist, Sports Psychologist
19-3041	Sociologists	Study human society and social behavior by examining the groups and social institutions that people form, as well as various social, religious, political, and business organizations. May study the behavior and interaction of groups, trace their origin and growth, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual members. Illustrative examples: Criminologist, Family Sociologist, Rural Sociologist
19-3051	Urban and Regional Planners	Develop comprehensive plans and programs for use of land and physical facilities of jurisdictions, such as towns, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas. Illustrative examples: City Planner, Community Development Planner
19-3091	Anthropologists and Archeologists	Study the origin, development, and behavior of human beings. May study the way of life, language, or physical characteristics of people in various parts of the world. May engage in systematic recovery and examination of material evidence, such as tools or pottery remaining from past human cultures, in order to determine the history, customs, and living habits of earlier civilizations. Illustrative examples: Ethnoarchaeologist, Political Anthropologist, Research Archaeologist
19-3092	Geographers	Study the nature and use of areas of the Earth’s surface, relating and interpreting interactions of physical and cultural phenomena. Conduct research on physical aspects of a region, including land forms, climates, soils, plants, and animals, and conduct research on the spatial implications of human activities within a given area, including social characteristics, economic activities, and political organization, as well as researching interdependence between regions at scales ranging from local to global. Illustrative examples: Economic Geographer, Geomorphologist, GIS Geographer, Political Geographer
19-3093	Historians	Research, analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts, such as personal diaries and letters. Illustrative examples: Genealogist, Historiographer, Protohistorian
19-3094	Political Scientists	Study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. May study topics, such as public opinion, political decisionmaking, and ideology. May analyze the structure and operation of governments, as well as various political entities. May conduct public opinion surveys, analyze election results, or analyze public documents. Excludes “Survey Researchers” (19-3022). Illustrative examples: Government Affairs Specialist, Political Consultant, Political Research Scientist
19-3099	Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other	All social scientists and related workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Demographer, Ethnologist, Linguist
19-4012	Agricultural Technicians	Work with agricultural scientists in plant, fiber, and animal research, or assist with animal breeding and nutrition. Set up or maintain laboratory equipment and collect samples from crops or animals. Prepare specimens or record data to assist scientists in biology or related life science experiments. Conduct tests and experiments to improve yield and quality of crops or to increase the resistance of plants and animals to disease or insects. Illustrative examples: Feed Research Technician, Seed Analyst
19-4013	Food Science Technicians	Work with food scientists or technologists to perform standardized qualitative and quantitative tests to determine physical or chemical properties of food or beverage products. Includes technicians who assist in research and development of production technology, quality control, packaging, processing, and use of foods. Illustrative examples: Flavor Technician, Food Quality Control Technician, Food Quality Technician
19-4021	Biological Technicians	Assist biological and medical scientists. Set up, operate, and maintain laboratory instruments and equipment, monitor experiments, collect data and samples, make observations, and calculate and record results. May analyze organic substances, such as blood, food, and drugs. Illustrative examples: Bacteriology Technician, Marine Fisheries Technician, Wildlife Technician
19-4031	Chemical Technicians	Conduct chemical and physical laboratory tests to assist scientists in making qualitative and quantitative analyses of solids, liquids, and gaseous materials for research and development of new products or processes, quality control, maintenance of environmental standards, and other work involving experimental, theoretical, or practical application of chemistry and related sciences. Illustrative examples: Assayer, Chemical Laboratory Technician, Inorganic Chemical Technician
19-4042	Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health	Perform laboratory and field tests to monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution, including those that affect health, under the direction of an environmental scientist, engineer, or other specialist. May collect samples of gases, soil, water, and other materials for testing. Illustrative examples: Certified Indoor Environmentalist, Environmental Science Technician, Infectious Waste Technician, Pollution Control Technician
19-4043	Geological Technicians, Except Hydrologic Technicians	Assist scientists or engineers in the use of electronic, sonic, or nuclear measuring instruments in laboratory, exploration, and production activities to obtain data indicating resources such as metallic ore, minerals, gas, coal, or petroleum. Analyze mud and drill cuttings. Chart pressure, temperature, and other characteristics of wells or bore holes. Illustrative examples: Crude Tester, Geophysical Prospector, Seismic Observer
19-4044	Hydrologic Technicians	Collect and organize data concerning the distribution and circulation of ground and surface water, and data on its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Measure and report on flow rates and ground water levels, maintain field equipment, collect water samples, install and collect sampling equipment, and process samples for shipment to testing laboratories. May collect data on behalf of hydrologists, engineers, developers, government agencies, or agriculture. Excludes “Hydrologists” (19-2043). Illustrative examples: Groundwater Monitoring Technician
19-4051	Nuclear Technicians	Assist nuclear physicists, nuclear engineers, or other scientists in laboratory, power generation, or electricity production activities. May operate, maintain, or provide quality control for nuclear testing and research equipment. May monitor radiation. Illustrative examples: Nuclear Monitoring Technician, Radiochemical Technician
19-4061	Social Science Research Assistants	Assist social scientists in laboratory, survey, and other social science research. May help prepare findings for publication and assist in laboratory analysis, quality control, or data management. Excludes “Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary” (25-9044). Illustrative examples: City Planning Aide, Economic Research Assistant, Historian Research Assistant
19-4071	Forest and Conservation Technicians	Provide technical assistance regarding the conservation of soil, water, forests, or related natural resources. May compile data pertaining to size, content, condition, and other characteristics of forest tracts under the direction of foresters, or train and lead forest workers in forest propagation and fire prevention and suppression. May assist conservation scientists in managing, improving, and protecting rangelands and wildlife habitats. Excludes “Conservation Scientists” (19-1031) and “Foresters” (19-1032). Illustrative examples: Forestry Aide, Soil Conservation Technician, Timber Management Technician
19-4092	Forensic Science Technicians	Collect, identify, classify, and analyze physical evidence related to criminal investigations. Perform tests on weapons or substances, such as fiber, hair, and tissue to determine significance to investigation. May testify as expert witnesses on evidence or crime laboratory techniques. May serve as specialists in area of expertise, such as ballistics, fingerprinting, handwriting, or biochemistry. Illustrative examples: Ballistics Expert, Crime Scene Technician, Trace Evidence Technician
19-4099	Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other	All life, physical, and social science technicians not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Meteorological Aide, Polygraph Examiner
19-5011	Occupational Health and Safety Specialists	Review, evaluate, and analyze work environments and design programs and procedures to control, eliminate, and prevent disease or injury caused by chemical, physical, and biological agents or ergonomic factors. May conduct inspections and enforce adherence to laws and regulations governing the health and safety of individuals. May be employed in the public or private sector. Illustrative examples: Environmental Health Sanitarian, Health and Safety Inspector, Industrial Hygienist
19-5012	Occupational Health and Safety Technicians	Collect data on work environments for analysis by occupational health and safety specialists. Implement and conduct evaluation of programs designed to limit chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic risks to workers. Illustrative examples: Construction Health and Safety Technician, Ergonomics Technician, Occupational Health and Safety Technologist (OHST)

21-0000 Community and Social Service Occupations

21-1011	Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	Counsel and advise individuals with alcohol, tobacco, drug, or other problems, such as gambling and eating disorders. May counsel individuals, families, or groups or engage in prevention programs. Excludes “Psychologists” (19-3032 through 19-3039), “Mental Health Counselors” (21-1014), and “Social Workers” (21-1021 through 21-1029) providing these services. Illustrative examples: Addiction Counselor, Alcohol and Drug Counselor, Chemical Dependency Counselor
21-1012	Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors	Advise and assist students and provide educational and vocational guidance services. Illustrative examples: Admissions Counselor, Career Counselor, Guidance Counselor, Student Services Counselor
21-1013	Marriage and Family Therapists	Diagnose and treat mental and emotional disorders, whether cognitive, affective, or behavioral, within the context of marriage and family systems. Apply psychotherapeutic and family systems theories and techniques in the delivery of services to individuals, couples, and families for the purpose of treating such diagnosed nervous and mental disorders. Excludes “Psychologists” (19-3032 through 19-3039) and “Social Workers” (21-1020). Illustrative examples: Child and Family Counselor, Couples Therapist, Marriage Counselor
21-1014	Mental Health Counselors	Counsel and advise individuals and groups to promote optimum mental and emotional health, with an emphasis on prevention. May help individuals deal with a broad range of mental health issues, such as those associated with addictions and substance abuse; family, parenting, and marital problems; stress management; self-esteem; or aging. Excludes “Psychologists” (19-3030), “Social Workers” (21-1020), and “Psychiatrists” (29-1223). Illustrative examples: Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC), Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC)
21-1015	Rehabilitation Counselors	Counsel individuals to maximize the independence and employability of persons coping with personal, social, and vocational difficulties that result from birth defects, illness, disease, accidents, aging, or the stress of daily life. Coordinate activities for residents of care and treatment facilities. Assess client needs and design and implement rehabilitation programs that may include personal and vocational counseling, training, and job placement. Excludes “Occupational Therapists” (29-1122). Illustrative examples: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Counselor, Veterans Rehabilitation Counselor, Vocational Rehabilitation Job Coach
21-1019	Counselors, All Other	All counselors not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Anger Control Counselor, Grief Counselor, Sexual Assault Counselor
21-1021	Child, Family, and School Social Workers	Provide social services and assistance to improve the social and psychological functioning of children and their families and to maximize the family well-being and the academic functioning of children. May assist parents, arrange adoptions, and find foster homes for abandoned or abused children. In schools, they address such problems as teenage pregnancy, misbehavior, and truancy. May also advise teachers. Illustrative examples: Certified Children, Youth, and Family Social Worker, Child Abuse Worker, Foster Care Worker
21-1022	Healthcare Social Workers	Provide individuals, families, and groups with the psychosocial support needed to cope with chronic, acute, or terminal illnesses. Services include advising family caregivers. Provide patients with information and counseling, and make referrals for other services. May also provide case and care management or interventions designed to promote health, prevent disease, and address barriers to access to healthcare. Illustrative examples: Hospice Social Worker, Oncology Social Worker, Public Health Social Worker
21-1023	Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	Assess and treat individuals with mental, emotional, or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and/or other drugs. Activities may include individual and group therapy, crisis intervention, case management, client advocacy, prevention, and education. Illustrative examples: Community Mental Health Social Worker, Drug Abuse Social Worker, Psychiatric Social Worker
21-1029	Social Workers, All Other	All social workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Adult Protective Service Social Worker, Criminal Justice Social Worker, Forensic Social Worker, Sexual Assault Social Worker
21-1091	Health Education Specialists	Provide and manage health education programs that help individuals, families, and their communities maximize and maintain healthy lifestyles. Use data to identify community needs prior to planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating programs designed to encourage healthy lifestyles, policies, and environments. May link health systems, health providers, insurers, and patients to address individual and population health needs. May serve as resource to assist individuals, other health professionals, or the community, and may administer fiscal resources for health education programs. Excludes “Community Health Workers” (21-1094). Illustrative examples: Community Health Education Coordinator, Diabetes Educator, Public Health Educator
21-1092	Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	Provide social services to assist in rehabilitation of law offenders in custody or on probation or parole. Make recommendations for actions involving formulation of rehabilitation plan and treatment of offender, including conditional release and education and employment stipulations. Illustrative examples: Juvenile Probation Officer, Parole Agent, Parole Officer
21-1093	Social and Human Service Assistants	Assist other social and human service providers in providing client services in a wide variety of fields, such as psychology, rehabilitation, or social work, including support for families. May assist clients in identifying and obtaining available benefits and social and community services. May assist social workers with developing, organizing, and conducting programs to prevent and resolve problems relevant to substance abuse, human relationships, rehabilitation, or dependent care. Excludes “Rehabilitation Counselors” (21-1015), “Psychiatric Technicians” (29-2053), “Personal Care Aides” (31-1122), and “Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs” (43-4061). Illustrative examples: Case Work Aide, Family Service Assistant, Human Services Worker
21-1094	Community Health Workers	Promote health within a community by assisting individuals to adopt healthy behaviors. Serve as an advocate for the health needs of individuals by assisting community residents in effectively communicating with healthcare providers or social service agencies. Act as liaison or advocate and implement programs that promote, maintain, and improve individual and overall community health. May deliver health-related preventive services such as blood pressure, glaucoma, and hearing screenings. May collect data to help identify community health needs. Excludes “Health Education Specialists” (21-1091). Illustrative examples: Lay Health Advocate, Peer Health Promoter, Promotor(a)
21-1099	Community and Social Service Specialists, All Other	All community and social service specialists not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Community Organization Worker, Veterans Service Officer
21-2011	Clergy	Conduct religious worship and perform other spiritual functions associated with beliefs and practices of religious faith or denomination. Provide spiritual and moral guidance and assistance to members. Illustrative examples: Imam, Priest, Rabbi
21-2021	Directors, Religious Activities and Education	Coordinate or design programs and conduct outreach to promote the religious education or activities of a denominational group. May provide counseling, guidance, and leadership relative to marital, health, financial, and religious problems. Illustrative examples: Religious Education Director, Youth Ministry Director
21-2099	Religious Workers, All Other	All religious workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Missionary, Mohel, Verger

23-0000 Legal Occupations

23-1011	Lawyers	Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, or manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law. Illustrative examples: Attorney, Corporate Counsel, Public Defender
23-1012	Judicial Law Clerks	Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents. Excludes “Lawyers” (23-1011) and “Paralegals and Legal Assistants” (23-2011). Illustrative examples: Judicial Clerk
23-1021	Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers	Conduct hearings to recommend or make decisions on claims concerning government programs or other government-related matters. Determine liability, sanctions, or penalties, or recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or settlements. Excludes “Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators” (23-1022). Illustrative examples: Appeals Examiner, Justice of The Peace, Traffic Court Referee
23-1022	Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators	Facilitate negotiation and conflict resolution through dialogue. Resolve conflicts outside of the court system by mutual consent of parties involved. Illustrative examples: Alternative Dispute Resolution Coordinator, Mediation Commissioner, Ombudsman
23-1023	Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes or sentencing guidelines. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May perform wedding ceremonies. Illustrative examples: Circuit Court Judge, Justice, Tribal Judge
23-2011	Paralegals and Legal Assistants	Assist lawyers by investigating facts, preparing legal documents, or researching legal precedent. Conduct research to support a legal proceeding, to formulate a defense, or to initiate legal action. Excludes “Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants” (43-6012). Illustrative examples: Legal Aide
23-2093	Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers	Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance documents or details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies. Excludes “Loan Officers” (13-2072). Illustrative examples: Escrow Officer, Lien Searcher, Title Officer
23-2099	Legal Support Workers, All Other	All legal support workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Legal Technician

25-0000 Educational Instruction and Library Occupations

25-1011	Business Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in business administration and management, such as accounting, finance, human resources, labor and industrial relations, marketing, and operations research. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Accounting Professor, Finance Professor, Marketing Professor
25-1021	Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in computer science. May specialize in a field of computer science, such as the design and function of computers or operations and research analysis. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Computer Information Systems Professor, Information Technology Professor, Java Programming Professor
25-1022	Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to mathematical concepts, statistics, and actuarial science and to the application of original and standardized mathematical techniques in solving specific problems and situations. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Actuarial Science Professor, Calculus Professor, Statistics Professor
25-1031	Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in architecture and architectural design, such as architectural environmental design, interior architecture/design, and landscape architecture. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Architectural Design Professor, Landscape Architecture Professor
25-1032	Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to the application of physical laws and principles of engineering for the development of machines, materials, instruments, processes, and services. Includes teachers of subjects such as chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, mechanical, mineral, and petroleum engineering. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Excludes “Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1021). Illustrative examples: Aeronautical Engineering Professor, Civil Engineering Professor, Electrical Engineering Professor, Marine Engineering Professor
25-1041	Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in the agricultural sciences. Includes teachers of agronomy, dairy sciences, fisheries management, horticultural sciences, poultry sciences, range management, and agricultural soil conservation. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Excludes “Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1043). Illustrative examples: Agronomy Professor, Aquaculture and Fisheries Professor, Farm Management Professor
25-1042	Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in biological sciences. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Bacteriology Professor, Biochemistry Professor, Botany Professor
25-1043	Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in forestry and conservation science. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Excludes “Agricultural Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1041) and “Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1053). Illustrative examples: Forest Ecology Professor, Timber Management Professor, Wildlife Conservation Professor
25-1051	Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in the physical sciences, except chemistry and physics. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching, and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Climatology Professor, Geology Professor, Oceanography Professor
25-1052	Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to the chemical and physical properties and compositional changes of substances. Work may include providing instruction in the methods of qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching, and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Excludes “Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1042) who teach biochemistry. Illustrative examples: Inorganic Chemistry Professor, Organic Chemistry Professor, Physical Chemistry Professor
25-1053	Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in environmental science. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Excludes “Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25- 1043). Illustrative examples: Environmental Science, Management and Policy Professor, Environmental Studies Professor
25-1054	Physics Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to the laws of matter and energy. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Astrophysics Professor, Ballistics Professor, Hydrodynamics Professor, Thermodynamics Professor
25-1061	Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in anthropology or archeology. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Cultural Anthropology Professor, Ethnoarchaeology Professor, Paleology Professor
25-1062	Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to the culture and development of an area, an ethnic group, or any other group, such as Latin American studies, women’s studies, or urban affairs. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Ethnology Professor, Latin American Studies Professor, Women's Studies Professor
25-1063	Economics Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in economics. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Agricultural Economics Professor, Econometrics Professor, Labor Economics Professor
25-1064	Geography Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in geography. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Cartography Professor, Geomatics Professor, GIS Professor
25-1065	Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in political science, international affairs, and international relations. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Government Professor, International Relations Professor, Public Policy Professor
25-1066	Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in psychology, such as child, clinical, and developmental psychology, and psychological counseling. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Child Development Professor, Educational Psychology Professor, Industrial/Organizational Psychology Professor
25-1067	Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in sociology. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Comparative Sociology Professor
25-1069	Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other	All postsecondary social sciences teachers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Survey Research Professor, Urban Planning Professor
25-1071	Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in health specialties, in fields such as dentistry, laboratory technology, medicine, pharmacy, public health, therapy, and veterinary medicine. Excludes “Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1042) and “Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1072) who teach medical science. Illustrative examples: Nutrition Professor, Pharmacology Professor, Public Health Professor
25-1072	Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary	Demonstrate and teach patient care in classroom and clinical units to nursing students. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Advanced Nursing Professor, Clinical Nursing Professor, Registered Nursing Professor
25-1081	Education Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to education, such as counseling, curriculum, guidance, instruction, teacher education, and teaching English as a second language. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Primary Education Professor, Special Education Professor
25-1082	Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in library science. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Library and Information Science Professor, Medical Records Library Professor
25-1111	Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in criminal justice, corrections, and law enforcement administration. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Criminology Professor, Penology Professor
25-1112	Law Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in law. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Constitutional Law Professor, Environmental Law Professor, Torts Law Professor
25-1113	Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in social work. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Family Welfare Social Work Professor, Geriatric Social Work Professor, Health Social Work Professor
25-1121	Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in drama, music, and the arts including fine and applied art, such as painting and sculpture, or design and crafts. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Ballet Professor, Photography Professor, Piano Professor
25-1122	Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in communications, such as organizational communications, public relations, radio/television broadcasting, and journalism. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Journalism Professor, Public Speaking Professor
25-1123	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in English language and literature, including linguistics and comparative literature. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Contemporary English Literature Professor, Creative Writing English Professor, Etymology Professor
25-1124	Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach languages and literature courses in languages other than English. Includes teachers of American Sign Language (ASL). Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Chinese Language Professor, Russian Language Professor, Spanish Literature Professor
25-1125	History Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in human history and historiography. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: African History Professor, American History Professor, Jewish History Professor, Russian History Professor
25-1126	Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in philosophy, religion, and theology. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Divinity Professor, Eastern Philosophy Professor, Theology Professor
25-1192	Family and Consumer Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses in childcare, family relations, finance, nutrition, and related subjects pertaining to home management. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Family and Consumer Sciences Professor, Family Resource Management Professor, Home Economics Professor
25-1193	Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach courses pertaining to recreation, leisure, and fitness studies, including exercise physiology and facilities management. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Illustrative examples: Kinesiology Professor, Leisure Studies Professor, Physical Education (PE) Professor
25-1194	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary	Teach vocational courses intended to provide occupational training below the baccalaureate level in subjects such as construction, mechanics/repair, manufacturing, transportation, or cosmetology, primarily to students who have graduated from or left high school. Teaching takes place in public or private schools whose primary business is academic or vocational education. Excludes “Training and Development Specialists” (13-1151), “Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors” (25-3011), and postsecondary teachers classified elsewhere in the 25-1000 minor group. Flight instructors are included with “Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers” (53-2010). Illustrative examples: Automotive Technology Instructor, Cosmetology Instructor, HVAC Instructor, Mechanical Maintenance Instructor
25-1199	Postsecondary Teachers, All Other	All postsecondary teachers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Military Science Instructor, Packaging Professor
25-2011	Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	Instruct preschool-aged students, following curricula or lesson plans, in activities designed to promote social, physical, and intellectual growth. Excludes “Special Education Teachers” (25-2050), “Substitute Teachers, Short- Term” (25-3031), and “Childcare Workers” (39-9011). Illustrative examples: Home-based Preschool Teacher, Nursery School Teacher, Preschool Head Start Teacher
25-2012	Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	Teach academic and social skills to kindergarten students. Excludes “Special Education Teachers” (25-2050) and “Substitute Teachers, Short-Term” (25-3031). Illustrative examples: Bilingual Education Kindergarten Teacher
25-2021	Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	Teach academic and social skills to students at the elementary school level. Excludes “Special Education Teachers” (25-2050) and “Substitute Teachers, Short-Term” (25-3031). Illustrative examples: 4th Grade Math Teacher, Elementary School Music Teacher
25-2022	Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	Teach one or more subjects to students at the middle, intermediate, or junior high school level. Excludes “Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School” (25-2023), “Special Education Teachers” (25-2050), and “Substitute Teachers, Short Term” (25-3031). Illustrative examples: Intermediate School Social Studies Teacher, Junior High School Teacher, Middle School Science Teacher
25-2023	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	Teach occupational, vocational, career, or technical subjects to students at the middle, intermediate, or junior high school level. Excludes “Special Education Teachers” (25-2050) and “Substitute Teachers, Short-Term” (25-3031). Illustrative examples: Junior High School Business Teacher, Middle School Technology Education Teacher
25-2031	Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	Teach one or more subjects to students at the secondary school level. Excludes “Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School” (25-2032), “Special Education Teachers” (25-2050), and “Substitute Teachers, Short- Term” (25-3031). Illustrative examples: High School English Teacher, High School French Teacher, High School History Teacher
25-2032	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	Teach occupational, vocational, career, or technical subjects to students at the secondary school level. Excludes “Special Education Teachers” (25-2050), and “Substitute Teachers, Short-Term” (25-3031). Illustrative examples: High School Auto Repair Teacher, High School Cosmetology Teacher
25-2051	Special Education Teachers, Preschool	Teach academic, social, and life skills to preschool-aged students with learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Includes teachers who specialize and work with students who are blind or have visual impairments; students who are deaf or have hearing impairments; and students with intellectual disabilities. Excludes “Substitute Teachers, Short-Term” (25-3031). Illustrative examples: Early Childhood Special Education Teacher, Pre-Kindergarten Education Intervention Teacher, Pre-Kindergarten Special Education Teacher
25-2055	Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten	Teach academic, social, and life skills to kindergarten students with learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Includes teachers who specialize and work with students who are blind or have visual impairments; students who are deaf or have hearing impairments; and students with intellectual disabilities. Excludes “Substitute Teachers, Short-Term” (25-3031). Illustrative examples: Kindergarten Special Education Teacher
25-2056	Special Education Teachers, Elementary School	Teach academic, social, and life skills to elementary school students with learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Includes teachers who specialize and work with students who are blind or have visual impairments; students who are deaf or have hearing impairments; and students with intellectual disabilities. Excludes “Substitute Teachers, Short-Term” (25-3031). Illustrative examples: Elementary School Inclusion Teacher
25-2057	Special Education Teachers, Middle School	Teach academic, social, and life skills to middle school students with learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Includes teachers who specialize and work with students who are blind or have visual impairments; students who are deaf or have hearing impairments; and students with intellectual disabilities. Excludes “Substitute Teachers, Short-Term” (25-3031).  Illustrative examples: Junior High School Special Education Teacher, Middle School Special Education Teacher
25-2058	Special Education Teachers, Secondary School	Teach academic, social, and life skills to secondary school students with learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Includes teachers who specialize and work with students who are blind or have visual impairments; students who are deaf or have hearing impairments; and students with intellectual disabilities. Excludes “Substitute Teachers, Short-Term” (25-3031). Illustrative examples: High School Special Education Resource Teacher
25-2059	Special Education Teachers, All Other	All special education teachers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Special Education Teacher for Adults with Disabilities
25-3011	Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	Teach or instruct out-of-school youths and adults in basic education, literacy, or English as a Second Language classes, or in classes for earning a high school equivalency credential. Illustrative examples: Adult Education Teacher, Adult English as a Second Language (ESL) Teacher, Adult Literacy Instructor, General Educational Development (GED®) Teacher
25-3021	Self-Enrichment Teachers	Teach or instruct individuals or groups for the primary purpose of self-enrichment or recreation, rather than for an occupational objective, educational attainment, competition, or fitness. Excludes “Coaches and Scouts” (27-2022) and “Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors” (39-9031). Flight instructors are included with “Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers” (53-2010). Illustrative examples: Citizenship Teacher, Knitting Instructor, Recreational Activities Instructor
25-3031	Substitute Teachers, Short-Term	Teach students on a short-term basis as a temporary replacement for a regular classroom teacher, typically using the regular teacher’s lesson plan. Excludes long-term substitute teachers who perform all the duties of a regular teacher; these teachers are coded within the 25-1000 or 25-2000 minor groups. Illustrative examples: Elementary School Substitute Teacher, English Substitute Teacher
25-3041	Tutors	Instruct individual students or small groups of students in academic subjects to support formal class instruction or to prepare students for standardized or admissions tests. Excludes “Postsecondary Teachers” (25-1000), “Elementary, Middle, Secondary, and Special Education Teachers” (25-2000), “Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors” (25-3011), and “Self-Enrichment Teachers” (25-3021). Illustrative examples: Algebra Tutor, Reading Tutor, Spanish Tutor, Standardized Test Tutor
25-3099	Teachers and Instructors, All Other	All teachers and instructors not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Sunday School Teacher
25-4011	Archivists	Appraise, edit, and direct safekeeping of permanent records and historically valuable documents. Participate in research activities based on archival materials. Illustrative examples: Film Archivist, Historical Records Administrator, Reference Archivist
25-4012	Curators	Administer collections, such as artwork, collectibles, historic items, or scientific specimens of museums or other institutions. May conduct instructional, research, or public service activities of institution. Illustrative examples: Herbarium Curator, Photography and Prints Curator
25-4013	Museum Technicians and Conservators	Restore, maintain, or prepare objects in museum collections for storage, research, or exhibit. May work with specimens such as fossils, skeletal parts, or botanicals; or artifacts, textiles, or art. May identify and record objects or install and arrange them in exhibits. Includes book or document conservators. Illustrative examples: Ethnographic Materials Conservator, Museum Exhibit Technician, Textile Conservator
25-4022	Librarians and Media Collections Specialists	Administer and maintain libraries or collections of information, for public or private access through reference or borrowing. Work in a variety of settings, such as educational institutions, museums, and corporations, and with various types of informational materials, such as books, periodicals, recordings, films, and databases. Tasks may include acquiring, cataloging, and circulating library materials, and user services such as locating and organizing information, providing instruction on how to access information, and setting up and operating a library’s media equipment. Illustrative examples: Library Media Specialist, Multimedia Services Coordinator, Music Librarian, School Librarian
25-4031	Library Technicians	Assist librarians by helping readers in the use of library catalogs, databases, and indexes to locate books and other materials; and by answering questions that require only brief consultation of standard reference. Compile records; sort and shelve books or other media; remove or repair damaged books or other media; register patrons; and check materials in and out of the circulation process. Replace materials in shelving area (stacks) or files. Includes bookmobile drivers who assist with providing services in mobile libraries. Illustrative examples: Library Acquisitions Technician, Library Circulation Technician
25-9021	Farm and Home Management Educators	Instruct and advise individuals and families engaged in agriculture, agricultural-related processes, or home management activities. Demonstrate procedures and apply research findings to advance agricultural and home management activities. May develop educational outreach programs. May instruct on either agricultural issues such as agricultural processes and techniques, pest management, and food safety, or on home management issues such as budgeting, nutrition, and child development. Excludes “Dietitians and Nutritionists” (29-1031). Illustrative examples: Agricultural Extension Educator, Family Resource Management Specialist, Feed Management Advisor
25-9031	Instructional Coordinators	Develop instructional material, coordinate educational content, and incorporate current technology into instruction in order to provide guidelines to educators and instructors for developing curricula and conducting courses. May train and coach teachers. Includes educational consultants and specialists, and instructional material directors. Illustrative examples: Curriculum and Assessment Director, Curriculum Specialist, Special Education Curriculum Specialist
25-9042	Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education	Assist a preschool, elementary, middle, or secondary school teacher with instructional duties. Serve in a position for which a teacher has primary responsibility for the design and implementation of educational programs and services. Excludes “Teaching Assistants, Special Education” (25-9043). Illustrative examples: Elementary Learning Support Aide, Middle School Paraeducator
25-9043	Teaching Assistants, Special Education	Assist a preschool, elementary, middle, or secondary school teacher to provide academic, social, or life skills to students who have learning, emotional, or physical disabilities. Serve in a position for which a teacher has primary responsibility for the design and implementation of educational programs and services. Illustrative examples: Special Education Classroom Aide
25-9044	Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary	Assist faculty or other instructional staff in postsecondary institutions by performing instructional support activities, such as developing teaching materials, leading discussion groups, preparing and giving examinations, and grading examinations or papers. Graduate students who teach one or more full courses should be classified in the 25-1000 minor group. Illustrative examples: Assistant Instructor, College Biology Teaching Assistant, University Teaching Assistant
25-9049	Teaching Assistants, All Other	All teaching assistants not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Adult ESL Teacher Aide, Adult Literacy Teaching Aide, Sunday School Teacher Aide
25-9099	Educational Instruction and Library Workers, All Other	All educational instruction and library workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Aptitude Test (SAT) Grader, General Educational Development (GED®) Examiner

27-0000 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations

27-1011	Art Directors	Formulate design concepts and presentation approaches for visual productions and media, such as print, broadcasting, video, and film. Direct workers engaged in artwork or layout design. Excludes “Set and Exhibit Designers” (27-1027). Illustrative examples: Magazine Designer
27-1012	Craft Artists	Create or reproduce handmade objects for sale and exhibition using a variety of techniques, such as welding, weaving, pottery, and needlecraft. Illustrative examples: Hand Potter, Metal Crafts Artist, Quilter
27-1013	Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	Create original artwork using any of a wide variety of media and techniques. Illustrative examples: Ice Sculptor, Political Cartoonist, Scientific Illustrator, Sketch Artist
27-1014	Special Effects Artists and Animators	Create special effects or animations using film, video, computers, or other electronic tools and media for use in products, such as computer games, movies, music videos, and commercials. Illustrative examples: 3D Animator, Special Effects Artist
27-1019	Artists and Related Workers, All Other	All artists and related workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Calligrapher, Tattoo Artist
27-1021	Commercial and Industrial Designers	Design and develop manufactured products, such as cars, home appliances, and children’s toys. Combine artistic talent with research on product use, marketing, and materials to create the most functional and appealing product design. Illustrative examples: Automobile Designer, Package Designer
27-1022	Fashion Designers	Design clothing and accessories. Create original designs or adapt fashion trends. Illustrative examples: Costume Designer, Custom Furrier, Dress Designer
27-1023	Floral Designers	Design, cut, and arrange live, dried, or artificial flowers and foliage. Illustrative examples: Corsage Maker, Florist, Flower Arranger
27-1024	Graphic Designers	Design or create graphics to meet specific commercial or promotional needs, such as packaging, displays, or logos. May use a variety of mediums to achieve artistic or decorative effects. Excludes “Web and Digital Interface Designers” (15-1255). Illustrative examples: Graphic Artist, Visual Designer
27-1025	Interior Designers	Plan, design, and furnish the internal space of rooms or buildings. Design interior environments or create physical layouts that are practical, aesthetic, and conducive to the intended purposes. May specialize in a particular field, style, or phase of interior design. Excludes “Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers” (27-1026). Illustrative examples: Home Lighting Adviser, Interior Decorator, Kitchen Designer
27-1026	Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers	Plan and erect commercial displays, such as those in windows and interiors of retail stores and at trade exhibitions. Illustrative examples: Display Artist, Mannequin Decorator, Window Decorator
27-1027	Set and Exhibit Designers	Design special exhibits and sets for film, video, television, and theater productions. May study scripts, confer with directors, and conduct research to determine appropriate architectural styles. Illustrative examples: Set Decorator, Stage Scenery Designer
27-1029	Designers, All Other	All designers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Memorial Marker Designer
27-2011	Actors	Play parts in stage, television, radio, video, or film productions, or other settings for entertainment, information, or instruction. Interpret serious or comic role by speech, gesture, and body movement to entertain or inform audience. May dance and sing. Illustrative examples: Actress, Dramatic Reader, Voice-Over Artist
27-2012	Producers and Directors	Produce or direct stage, television, radio, video, or film productions for entertainment, information, or instruction. Responsible for creative decisions, such as interpretation of script, choice of actors or guests, set design, sound, special effects, and choreography. Illustrative examples: Casting Director, Independent Film Maker, Stage Manager
27-2021	Athletes and Sports Competitors	Compete in athletic events. Illustrative examples: Professional Football Player, Professional Jockey, Professional Race Car Driver
27-2022	Coaches and Scouts	Instruct or coach groups or individuals in the fundamentals of sports for the primary purpose of competition. Demonstrate techniques and methods of participation. May evaluate athletes’ strengths and weaknesses as possible recruits or to improve the athletes’ technique to prepare them for competition. Those required to hold teaching certifications should be reported in the appropriate teaching category. Excludes “Athletic Trainers” (29- 9091). Illustrative examples: Baseball Scout, Boxing Coach, Football Coach
27-2023	Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	Officiate at competitive athletic or sporting events. Detect infractions of rules and decide penalties according to established regulations. Includes all sporting officials, referees, and competition judges. Illustrative examples: Athletic Events Scorer, Paddock Judge, Race Starter
27-2031	Dancers	Perform dances. May perform on stage, for broadcasting, or for video recording. Illustrative examples: Ballerina, Dance Artist, Tap Dancer
27-2032	Choreographers	Create new dance routines. Rehearse performance of routines. May direct and stage presentations. Illustrative examples: Dance Director, Dance Master
27-2041	Music Directors and Composers	Conduct, direct, plan, and lead instrumental or vocal performances by musical artists or groups, such as orchestras, bands, choirs, and glee clubs; or create original works of music. Illustrative examples: Choirmaster, Orchestra Conductor, Orchestrator, Songwriter
27-2042	Musicians and Singers	Play one or more musical instruments or sing. May perform on stage, for broadcasting, or for sound or video recording. Illustrative examples: Instrumentalist, Oboist, Rapper
27-2091	Disc Jockeys, Except Radio	Play prerecorded music for live audiences at venues or events such as clubs, parties, or wedding receptions. May use techniques such as mixing, cutting, or sampling to manipulate recordings. May also perform as emcee (master of ceremonies). Radio disc jockeys are included in “Broadcast Announcers and Radio Disc Jockeys” (27-3011). Excludes “Musicians and Singers” (27-2042), “Audio and Video Technicians” (27-4011), and “Sound Engineering Technicians” (27-4014). Illustrative examples: Club DJ, Deejay, DJ
27-2099	Entertainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other	All entertainers and performers, sports and related workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Clown, Comedian, Magician, Professional Poker Player
27-3011	Broadcast Announcers and Radio Disc Jockeys	Speak or read from scripted materials, such as news reports or commercial messages, on radio, television, or other communications media. May play and queue music, announce artist or title of performance, identify station, or interview guests. Excludes “News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists” (27-3023). Illustrative examples: Game Show Host, Radio Disc Jockey, Talk Show Host
27-3023	News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists	Narrate or write news stories, reviews, or commentary for print, broadcast, or other communications media such as newspapers, magazines, radio, or television. May collect and analyze information through interview, investigation, or observation. Illustrative examples: Columnist, Correspondent, Film Critic, News Anchor
27-3031	Public Relations Specialists	Promote or create an intended public image for individuals, groups, or organizations. May write or select material for release to various communications media. May specialize in using social media. Illustrative examples: Lobbyist, Press Secretary, Publicity Writer
27-3041	Editors	Plan, coordinate, revise, or edit written material. May review proposals and drafts for possible publication. Illustrative examples: Advertising Editor, Copy Editor, Technical Editor
27-3042	Technical Writers	Write technical materials, such as equipment manuals, appendices, or operating and maintenance instructions. May assist in layout work. Illustrative examples: Documentation Writer, Specifications Writer
27-3043	Writers and Authors	Originate and prepare written material, such as scripts, stories, advertisements, and other material. Excludes “News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists” (27-3023), “Public Relations Specialists” (27-3031), and “Technical Writers” (27- 3042). Illustrative examples: Advertising Copy Writer, Playwright, Television Writer
27-3091	Interpreters and Translators	Interpret oral or sign language, or translate written text from one language into another. Illustrative examples: American Sign Language Interpreter, Court Interpreter, Diplomatic Interpreter
27-3092	Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners	Use verbatim methods and equipment to capture, store, retrieve, and transcribe pretrial and trial proceedings or other information. Includes stenocaptioners who operate computerized stenographic captioning equipment to provide captions of live or prerecorded broadcasts for hearing-impaired viewers. Illustrative examples: Court Stenographer, Court Transcriber, Deposition Reporter, Realtime Captioner
27-3099	Media and Communication Workers, All Other	All media and communication workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Stage Technician
27-4011	Audio and Video Technicians	Set up, maintain, and dismantle audio and video equipment, such as microphones, sound speakers, connecting wires and cables, sound and mixing boards, video cameras, video monitors and servers, and related electronic equipment for live or recorded events, such as concerts, meetings, conventions, presentations, podcasts, news conferences, and sporting events. Excludes “Sound Engineering Technicians” (27-4014), “Lighting Technicians” (27- 4015), and “Audiovisual Equipment Installers and Repairers” (49-2097). Illustrative examples: Video Control Operator, Video Production Assistant
27-4012	Broadcast Technicians	Set up, operate, and maintain the electronic equipment used to acquire, edit, and transmit audio and video for radio or television programs. Control and adjust incoming and outgoing broadcast signals to regulate sound volume, signal strength, and signal clarity. Operate satellite, microwave, or other transmitter equipment to broadcast radio or television programs. Illustrative examples: Broadcast Engineer
27-4014	Sound Engineering Technicians	Assemble and operate equipment to record, synchronize, mix, edit, or reproduce sound, including music, voices, or sound effects, for theater, video, film, television, podcasts, sporting events, and other productions. Excludes “Audio and Video Technicians” (27-4011). Illustrative examples: Audio Recording Engineer, Sound Editor, Sound Effects Technician
27-4015	Lighting Technicians	Set up, maintain, and dismantle light fixtures, lighting control devices, and the associated lighting electrical and rigging equipment used for photography, television, film, video, and live productions. May focus or operate light fixtures, or attach color filters or other lighting accessories. Excludes “Audio and Video Technicians” (27-4011). Illustrative examples: Gaffer, Lamp Operator
27-4021	Photographers	Photograph people, landscapes, merchandise, or other subjects. May use lighting equipment to enhance a subject’s appearance. May use editing software to produce finished images and prints. Includes commercial and industrial photographers, scientific photographers, and photojournalists. Excludes “Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Film” (27-4031). Illustrative examples: Aerial Photographer, Medical Photographer, Portrait Photographer
27-4031	Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Film	Operate television, video, or film camera to record images or scenes for television, video, or film productions. Illustrative examples: News Videographer
27-4032	Film and Video Editors	Edit moving images on film, video, or other media. May work with a producer or director to organize images for final production. May edit or synchronize soundtracks with images. Excludes “Sound Engineering Technicians” (27- 4014). Illustrative examples: Cue Selector, Film Editor, Television News Video Editor
27-4099	Media and Communication Equipment Workers, All Other	All media and communication equipment workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Satellite Communications Operator

29-0000 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations

29-1011	Chiropractors	Assess, treat, and care for patients by manipulation of spine and musculoskeletal system. May provide spinal adjustment or address sacral or pelvic misalignment. Illustrative examples: Chiropractic Physician
29-1021	Dentists, General	Examine, diagnose, and treat diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth and gums. May treat diseases of nerve, pulp, and other dental tissues affecting oral hygiene and retention of teeth. May fit dental appliances or provide preventive care. Excludes “Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons” (29-1022), “Orthodontists” (29-1023), “Prosthodontists” (29-1024), and “Dentists, All Other Specialists” (29-1029). Illustrative examples: Family Dentist
29-1022	Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons	Perform surgery and related procedures on the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial regions to treat diseases, injuries, or defects. May diagnose problems of the oral and maxillofacial regions. May perform surgery to improve function or appearance. Illustrative examples: Dental Surgeon
29-1023	Orthodontists	Examine, diagnose, and treat dental malocclusions and oral cavity anomalies. Design and fabricate appliances to realign teeth and jaws to produce and maintain normal function and to improve appearance. Illustrative examples: Dentofacial Orthopedics Dentist, Invisible Braces Orthodontist, Pediatric Orthodontist
29-1024	Prosthodontists	Diagnose, treat, rehabilitate, design, and fit prostheses that maintain oral function, health, and appearance for patients with clinical conditions associated with teeth, oral and maxillofacial tissues, or the jaw. Illustrative examples: Maxillofacial Prosthetics Dentist, Reconstructive Dentist
29-1029	Dentists, All Other Specialists	All dentists not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Endodontist, Oral Pathologist, Periodontist
29-1031	Dietitians and Nutritionists	Plan and conduct food service or nutritional programs to assist in the promotion of health and control of disease. May supervise activities of a department providing quantity food services, counsel individuals, or conduct nutritional research. Illustrative examples: Clinical Dietitian, Pediatric Dietician, Public Health Nutritionist
29-1041	Optometrists	Diagnose, manage, and treat conditions and diseases of the human eye and visual system. Examine eyes and visual system, diagnose problems or impairments, prescribe corrective lenses, and provide treatment. May prescribe therapeutic drugs to treat specific eye conditions. Ophthalmologists are included in “Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric” (29-1241). Illustrative examples: Doctor of Optometry
29-1051	Pharmacists	Dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. May advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosage, interactions, and side effects of medications. Illustrative examples: Apothecary, Hospital Pharmacist
29-1071	Physician Assistants	Provide healthcare services typically performed by a physician, under the supervision of a physician. Conduct complete physicals, provide treatment, and counsel patients. May, in some cases, prescribe medication. Must graduate from an accredited educational program for physician assistants. Excludes “Registered Nurses” (29-1141), “Nurse Anesthetists” (29-1151), “Nurse Midwives” (29-1161), “Nurse Practitioners” (29-1171), “Emergency Medical Technicians” (29-2042), “Paramedics” (29-2043), “Surgical Assistants” (29-9093), and “Medical Assistants” (31-9092). Illustrative examples: Anesthesiologist Assistant, Family Practice Physician Assistant
29-1081	Podiatrists	Diagnose and treat diseases and deformities of the human foot. Illustrative examples: Chiropodist, Foot Doctor, Foot Orthopedist
29-1122	Occupational Therapists	Assess, plan, and organize rehabilitative programs that help build or restore vocational, homemaking, and daily living skills, as well as general independence, to persons with disabilities or developmental delays. Use therapeutic techniques, adapt the individual’s environment, teach skills, and modify specific tasks that present barriers to the individual. Excludes “Rehabilitation Counselors” (21-1015). Illustrative examples: Registered Occupational Therapist
29-1123	Physical Therapists	Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that improve mobility, relieve pain, increase strength, and improve or correct disabling conditions resulting from disease or injury. Illustrative examples: Geriatric Physical Therapist, Physiotherapist, Pulmonary Physical Therapist
29-1124	Radiation Therapists	Provide radiation therapy to patients as prescribed by a radiation oncologist according to established practices and standards. Duties may include reviewing prescription and diagnosis; acting as liaison with physician and supportive care personnel; preparing equipment, such as immobilization, treatment, and protection devices; and maintaining records, reports, and files. May assist in dosimetry procedures and tumor localization. Illustrative examples: Radiation Therapy Technologist
29-1125	Recreational Therapists	Plan, direct, or coordinate medically-approved recreation programs for patients in hospitals, nursing homes, or other institutions. Activities include sports, trips, dramatics, social activities, and crafts. May assess a patient condition and recommend appropriate recreational activity. Excludes “Recreation Workers” (39-9032). Illustrative examples: Certified Recreational Therapist, Drama Therapist, Therapeutic Recreation Specialist
29-1126	Respiratory Therapists	Assess, treat, and care for patients with breathing disorders. Assume primary responsibility for all respiratory care modalities, including the supervision of respiratory therapy technicians. Initiate and conduct therapeutic procedures; maintain patient records; and select, assemble, check, and operate equipment. Illustrative examples: Inhalation Therapist, Oxygen Therapist, Registered Respiratory Therapist
29-1127	Speech-Language Pathologists	Assess and treat persons with speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders. May select alternative communication systems and teach their use. May perform research related to speech and language problems. Illustrative examples: Public School Speech Therapist, Speech Clinician, Speech Therapist
29-1128	Exercise Physiologists	Assess, plan, or implement fitness programs that include exercise or physical activities such as those designed to improve cardiorespiratory function, body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, or flexibility. Excludes “Physical Therapists” (29-1123), “Athletic Trainers” (29-9091), and “Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors” (39-9031). Illustrative examples: Applied Exercise Physiologist, Clinical Exercise Physiologist, Kinesiotherapist
29-1129	Therapists, All Other	All therapists not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Art Therapist, Hydrotherapist, Music Therapist
29-1131	Veterinarians	Diagnose, treat, or research diseases and injuries of animals. Includes veterinarians who conduct research and development, inspect livestock, or care for pets and companion animals. Illustrative examples: Animal Surgeon, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM), Veterinary Cardiologist, Veterinary Medicine Scientist, Veterinary Radiologist, Wildlife Veterinarian
29-1141	Registered Nurses	Assess patient health problems and needs, develop and implement nursing care plans, and maintain medical records. Administer nursing care to ill, injured, convalescent, or disabled patients. May advise patients on health maintenance and disease prevention or provide case management. Licensing or registration required. Includes Clinical Nurse Specialists. Excludes “Nurse Anesthetists” (29-1151), “Nurse Midwives” (29-1161), and “Nurse Practitioners” (29-1171). Illustrative examples: Coronary Care Unit Nurse, Hospice Registered Nurse, Psychiatric Nurse
29-1151	Nurse Anesthetists	Administer anesthesia, monitor patient’s vital signs, and oversee patient recovery from anesthesia. May assist anesthesiologists, surgeons, other physicians, or dentists. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education. Illustrative examples: Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA)
29-1161	Nurse Midwives	Diagnose and coordinate all aspects of the birthing process, either independently or as part of a healthcare team. May provide well-woman gynecological care. Must have specialized, graduate nursing education. Illustrative examples: Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM)
29-1171	Nurse Practitioners	Diagnose and treat acute, episodic, or chronic illness, independently or as part of a healthcare team. May focus on health promotion and disease prevention. May order, perform, or interpret diagnostic tests such as lab work and x rays. May prescribe medication. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education. Illustrative examples: Cardiology Nurse Practitioner, Family Practice Nurse Practitioner, Gerontological Nurse Practitioner
29-1181	Audiologists	Assess and treat persons with hearing and related disorders. May fit hearing aids and provide auditory training. May perform research related to hearing problems. Illustrative examples: Clinical Audiologist, Pediatric Audiologist
29-1211	Anesthesiologists	Administer anesthetics and analgesics for pain management prior to, during, or after surgery. Illustrative examples: Ambulatory Anesthesiologist, Obstetrical Anesthesiologist
29-1212	Cardiologists	Diagnose, treat, manage, and prevent diseases or conditions of the cardiovascular system. May further subspecialize in interventional procedures (e.g., balloon angioplasty and stent placement), echocardiography, or electrophysiology. Illustrative examples: Electrophysiology Cardiologist, Interventional Cardiologist
29-1213	Dermatologists	Diagnose and treat diseases relating to the skin, hair, and nails. May perform both medical and dermatological surgery functions. Illustrative examples: Dermatopathologist, Procedural Dermatologist
29-1214	Emergency Medicine Physicians	Make immediate medical decisions and act to prevent death or further disability. Provide immediate recognition, evaluation, care, stabilization, and disposition of patients. May direct emergency medical staff in an emergency department. Illustrative examples: Critical Care Physician, Disaster Medicine Physician
29-1215	Family Medicine Physicians	Diagnose, treat, and provide preventive care to individuals and families across the lifespan. May refer patients to specialists when needed for further diagnosis or treatment. Excludes “General Internal Medicine Physicians” (29- 1216) and “Pediatricians, General” (29-1221). Illustrative examples: Family Practice Physician, General Practitioner
29-1216	General Internal Medicine Physicians	Diagnose and provide nonsurgical treatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries of internal organ systems. Provide care mainly for adults and adolescents, and are based primarily in an outpatient care setting. Excludes “Family Medicine Physicians” (29-1215) and “Pediatricians, General” (29-1221). Illustrative examples: General Internist, Internal Medicine Physician, Internist
29-1217	Neurologists	Diagnose, manage, and treat disorders and diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, with a primarily nonsurgical focus. Illustrative examples: Clinical Neuromuscular Pathologist, Epileptologist, Headache Specialist
29-1218	Obstetricians and Gynecologists	Provide medical care related to pregnancy or childbirth. Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases of women, particularly those affecting the reproductive system. May also provide general care to women. May perform both medical and gynecological surgery functions. Illustrative examples: Gynecological Oncologist, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Physician, OB Specialist, OB/GYN
29-1221	Pediatricians, General	Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases and injuries in children. May refer patients to specialists for further diagnosis or treatment, as needed. Excludes “Family Medicine Physicians” (29-1215) and “General Internal Medicine Physicians” (29-1216). Illustrative examples: Internal Medicine Pediatrician, Paediatrician, Pediatric Cardiologist, Pediatrist, Primary Care Pediatrician
29-1222	Physicians, Pathologists	Diagnose diseases and conduct lab tests using organs, body tissues, and fluids. Includes medical examiners. Illustrative examples: Clinical Pathologist, Immunopathologist, Neuropathologist
29-1223	Psychiatrists	Diagnose, treat, and help prevent mental disorders. Excludes “Clinical and Counseling Psychologists” (19-3033) and “School Psychologists” (19-3034). Illustrative examples: Addiction Psychiatrist, Forensic Psychiatrist, Geriatric Psychiatrist, Neuropsychiatrist
29-1224	Radiologists	Diagnose and treat diseases and injuries using medical imaging techniques, such as x rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and ultrasounds. May perform minimally invasive medical procedures and tests. Illustrative examples: Diagnostic Radiologist, Interventional Radiologist
29-1229	Physicians, All Other	All physicians not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Gastroenterologist, Oncologist, Pulmonologist
29-1241	Opthalmologists, Except Pediatric	Diagnose and perform surgery to treat and help prevent disorders and diseases of the eye. May also provide vision services for treatment including glasses and contacts. Excludes “Optometrists” (29-1041) and “Pediatric Surgeons” (29-1243). Illustrative examples: Cornea and External Disease Physician, Viteroretinal Disease Physician
29-1242	Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric	Diagnose and perform surgery to treat and prevent rheumatic and other diseases in the musculoskeletal system. Excludes “Pediatric Surgeons” (29-1243). Illustrative examples: Joint Preservationist, Orthopedic Sports Medicine Physician
29-1243	Pediatric Surgeons	Diagnose and perform surgery to treat fetal abnormalities and birth defects, diseases, and injuries in fetuses, premature and newborn infants, children, and adolescents. Includes all pediatric surgical specialties and subspecialties. Excludes “Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons” (29-1022), “Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric” (29- 1241), and “Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric” (29-1242). Illustrative examples: Pediatric Neurosurgeon, Pediatric Vascular Surgeon
29-1249	Surgeons, All Other	All surgeons not listed separately. Excludes “Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons” (29-1022). Illustrative examples: Neurological Surgeon, Otolaryngologist, Thoracic Surgeon, Urologist
29-1291	Acupuncturists	Diagnose, treat, and prevent disorders by stimulating specific acupuncture points within the body using acupuncture needles. May also use cups, nutritional supplements, therapeutic massage, acupressure, and other alternative health therapies. Excludes “Chiropractors” (29-1011). Illustrative examples: Acupuncture Physician, Licensed Acupuncturist
29-1292	Dental Hygienists	Administer oral hygiene care to patients. Assess patient oral hygiene problems or needs and maintain health records. Advise patients on oral health maintenance and disease prevention. May provide advanced care such as providing fluoride treatment or administering topical anesthesia. Illustrative examples: Oral Hygienist, Registered Dental Hygienist
29-1299	Healthcare Diagnosing or Treating Practitioners, All Other	All healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Homeopathic Doctor, Naturopathic Physician
29-2011	Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	Perform complex medical laboratory tests for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. May train or supervise staff. Illustrative examples: Blood Bank Laboratory Technologist, Cytogenetic Technologist, Immunohematologist
29-2012	Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	Perform routine medical laboratory tests for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. May work under the supervision of a medical technologist. Illustrative examples: Histology Technician, Pathology Technician, Serology Technician
29-2031	Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians	Conduct tests on pulmonary or cardiovascular systems of patients for diagnostic, therapeutic, or research purposes. May conduct or assist in electrocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, pulmonary functions, lung capacity, and similar tests. Illustrative examples: Cardiac Catheterization Technologist, EKG Technician
29-2032	Diagnostic Medical Sonographers	Produce ultrasonic recordings of internal organs for use by physicians. Includes vascular technologists. Excludes “Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians” (29-2031). Illustrative examples: Echocardiographer, Registered Diagnostic Medical Sonographer, Ultrasound Technologist
29-2033	Nuclear Medicine Technologists	Prepare, administer, and measure radioactive isotopes in therapeutic, diagnostic, and tracer studies using a variety of radioisotope equipment. Prepare stock solutions of radioactive materials and calculate doses to be administered by radiologists. Subject patients to radiation. Execute blood volume, red cell survival, and fat absorption studies following standard laboratory techniques. Illustrative examples: Certified Nuclear Medicine Technologist, Nuclear Cardiology Technologist, Radioisotope Technologist
29-2034	Radiologic Technologists and Technicians	Take x-rays and CAT scans or administer nonradioactive materials into patient’s bloodstream for diagnostic or research purposes. Includes radiologic technologists and technicians who specialize in other scanning modalities. Excludes “Diagnostic Medical Sonographers” (29-2032) and “Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists” (29-2035). Illustrative examples: Computed Tomography (CT) Scanner Operator, X-Ray Technician
29-2035	Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists	Operate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners. Monitor patient safety and comfort, and view images of area being scanned to ensure quality of pictures. May administer gadolinium contrast dosage intravenously. May interview patient, explain MRI procedures, and position patient on examining table. May enter into the computer data such as patient history, anatomical area to be scanned, orientation specified, and position of entry. Illustrative examples: Computed Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CT/MRI) Technologist, MRI Technologist
29-2036	Medical Dosimetrists	Generate radiation treatment plans, develop radiation dose calculations, communicate and supervise the treatment plan implementation, and consult with members of radiation oncology team. Illustrative examples: Certified Medical Dosimetrist, Qualified Medical Dosimetrist
29-2042	Emergency Medical Technicians	Assess injuries and illnesses and administer basic emergency medical care. May transport injured or sick persons to medical facilities. Excludes “Paramedics” (29-2043), “Firefighters” (33-2011), and “Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians” (53-3011). Illustrative examples: EMT
29-2043	Paramedics	Administer basic or advanced emergency medical care and assess injuries and illnesses. May administer medication intravenously, use equipment such as EKGs, or administer advanced life support to sick or injured individuals. Excludes “Emergency Medical Technicians” (29-2042) and “Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians” (53-3011). Illustrative examples: Flight Paramedic
29-2051	Dietetic Technicians	Assist in the provision of food service and nutritional programs, under the supervision of a dietitian. May plan and produce meals based on established guidelines, teach principles of food and nutrition, or counsel individuals. Illustrative examples: Dietary Technician, Registered Diet Technician
29-2052	Pharmacy Technicians	Prepare medications under the direction of a pharmacist. May measure, mix, count out, label, and record amounts and dosages of medications according to prescription orders. Illustrative examples: Certified Pharmacy Technician, Pharmacist Technician
29-2053	Psychiatric Technicians	Care for individuals with mental or emotional conditions or disabilities, following the instructions of physicians or other health practitioners. Monitor patients’ physical and emotional well-being and report to medical staff. May participate in rehabilitation and treatment programs, help with personal hygiene, and administer oral or injectable medications. Illustrative examples: Behavioral Health Technician, Mental Health Technician
29-2055	Surgical Technologists	Assist in operations, under the supervision of surgeons, registered nurses, or other surgical personnel. May help set up operating room, prepare and transport patients for surgery, adjust lights and equipment, pass instruments and other supplies to surgeons and surgeons’ assistants, hold retractors, cut sutures, and help count sponges, needles, supplies, and instruments. Excludes “Surgical Assistants” (29-9093). Illustrative examples: Certified Surgical Technologist, OR Tech, Surgical Scrub Technologist
29-2056	Veterinary Technologists and Technicians	Perform medical tests in a laboratory environment for use in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases in animals. Prepare vaccines and serums for prevention of diseases. Prepare tissue samples, take blood samples, and execute laboratory tests, such as urinalysis and blood counts. Clean and sterilize instruments and materials and maintain equipment and machines. May assist a veterinarian during surgery. Illustrative examples: Veterinary Laboratory Technician, Veterinary Surgery Technologist, Veterinary X-Ray Operator
29-2057	Ophthalmic Medical Technicians	Assist ophthalmologists by performing ophthalmic clinical functions. May administer eye exams, administer eye medications, and instruct the patient in care and use of corrective lenses. Illustrative examples: Ocular Care Technologist, Ophthalmic Technologist
29-2061	Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	Care for ill, injured, or convalescing patients or persons with disabilities in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, private homes, group homes, and similar institutions. May work under the supervision of a registered nurse. Licensing required. Illustrative examples: LPN, LVN, Pediatric Licensed Practical Nurse
29-2072	Medical Records Specialists	Compile, process, and maintain medical records of hospital and clinic patients in a manner consistent with medical, administrative, ethical, legal, and regulatory requirements of the healthcare system. Classify medical and healthcare concepts, including diagnosis, procedures, medical services, and equipment, into the healthcare industry’s numerical coding system. Includes medical coders. Excludes “Health Information Technologists and Medical Registrars” (29- 9021) and “File Clerks” (43-4071). Illustrative examples: Health Information Coder, Medical Bill Coder
29-2081	Opticians, Dispensing	Design, measure, fit, and adapt lenses and frames for client according to written optical prescription or specification. Assist client with inserting, removing, and caring for contact lenses. Assist client with selecting frames. Measure customer for size of eyeglasses and coordinate frames with facial and eye measurements and optical prescription. Prepare work order for optical laboratory containing instructions for grinding and mounting lenses in frames. Verify exactness of finished lens spectacles. Adjust frame and lens position to fit client. May shape or reshape frames. Includes contact lens opticians. Illustrative examples: Contact Lens Fitter, Eyeglass Fitter
29-2091	Orthotists and Prosthetists	Design, measure, fit, and adapt orthopedic braces, appliances or prostheses, such as limbs or facial parts for patients with disabling conditions. Illustrative examples: Artificial Limb Fitter, Certified Orthotic Fitter, Pedorthist
29-2092	Hearing Aid Specialists	Select and fit hearing aids for customers. Administer and interpret tests of hearing. Assess hearing instrument efficacy. Take ear impressions and prepare, design, and modify ear molds. Excludes “Audiologists” (29-1181). Illustrative examples: Hearing Aid Fitter, Hearing Aid Technician, Hearing Instrument Specialist
29-2099	Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other	All health technologists and technicians not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Dialysis Technician, Electroencephalogram (EEG) Technologist, Electroneurodiagnostic Technologist, Polysomnograph Tech
29-9021	Health Information Technologists and Medical Registrars	Apply knowledge of healthcare and information systems to assist in the design, development, and continued modification and analysis of computerized healthcare systems. Abstract, collect, and analyze treatment and followup information of patients. May educate staff and assist in problem solving to promote the implementation of the healthcare information system. May design, develop, test, and implement databases with complete history, diagnosis, treatment, and health status to help monitor diseases. Excludes “Medical Records Specialists” (29-2072). Illustrative examples: Cancer Registrar, Health Informatics Specialist, Health Information Analyst
29-9091	Athletic Trainers	Evaluate and treat musculoskeletal injuries or illnesses. Provide preventive, therapeutic, emergency, and rehabilitative care. Excludes “Physical Therapists” (29-1123). Illustrative examples: Certified Athletic Trainer
29-9092	Genetic Counselors	Assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. Provide information to other healthcare providers or to individuals and families concerned with the risk of inherited conditions. Advise individuals and families to support informed decisionmaking and coping methods for those at risk. May help conduct research related to genetic conditions or genetic counseling. Illustrative examples: Chromosomal Disorders Counselor, Mitochondrial Disorders Counselor, Prenatal Genetic Counselor
29-9093	Surgical Assistants	Assist in operations, under the supervision of surgeons. May, in accordance with state laws, help surgeons to make incisions and close surgical sites, manipulate or remove tissues, implant surgical devices or drains, suction the surgical site, place catheters, clamp or cauterize vessels or tissue, and apply dressings to surgical site. Excludes “Registered Nurses” (29-1141) and “Surgical Technologists” (29-2055). Illustrative examples: Surgical First Assistant
29-9099	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Workers, All Other	All healthcare practitioners and technical workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Podiatric Technician, Traditional Chinese Herbalist

31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations

31-1121	Home Health Aides	Monitor the health status of an individual with disabilities or illness, and address their health-related needs, such as changing bandages, dressing wounds, or administering medication. Work is performed under the direction of offsite or intermittent onsite licensed nursing staff. Provide assistance with routine healthcare tasks or activities of daily living, such as feeding, bathing, toileting, or ambulation. May also help with tasks such as preparing meals, doing light housekeeping, and doing laundry depending on the patient’s abilities. Illustrative examples: Home Health Attendant, Home Hospice Aide
31-1122	Personal Care Aides	Provide personalized assistance to individuals with disabilities or illness who require help with personal care and activities of daily living support (e.g., feeding, bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, and ambulation). May also provide help with tasks such as preparing meals, doing light housekeeping, and doing laundry. Work is performed in various settings depending on the needs of the care recipient and may include locations such as their home, place of work, out in the community, or at a daytime nonresidential facility. Illustrative examples: Blind Escort, Elderly Companion, Geriatric Personal Care Aide
31-1131	Nursing Assistants	Provide or assist with basic care or support under the direction of onsite licensed nursing staff. Perform duties such as monitoring of health status, feeding, bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, or ambulation of patients in a health or nursing facility. May include medication administration and other health-related tasks. Includes nursing care attendants, nursing aides, and nursing attendants. Excludes “Home Health Aides” (31-1121), “Personal Care Aides” (31-1122), “Orderlies” (31-1132), and “Psychiatric Aides” (31-1133). Illustrative examples: Certified Nurse Aide, Certified Nursing Assistant, Nursing Care Attendant
31-1132	Orderlies	Transport patients to areas such as operating rooms or x-ray rooms using wheelchairs, stretchers, or moveable beds. May maintain stocks of supplies or clean and transport equipment. Excludes “Nursing Assistants” (31-1131). Psychiatric orderlies are included in “Psychiatric Aides” (31-1133). Illustrative examples: Hospital Orderly, Medical Orderly, Surgical Orderly
31-1133	Psychiatric Aides	Assist mentally impaired or emotionally disturbed patients, working under direction of nursing and medical staff. May assist with daily living activities, lead patients in educational and recreational activities, or accompany patients to and from examinations and treatments. May restrain violent patients. Includes psychiatric orderlies. Illustrative examples: Mental Health Orderly, Psychiatric Nursing Aide, Psychiatric Technician Assistant
31-2011	Occupational Therapy Assistants	Assist occupational therapists in providing occupational therapy treatments and procedures. May, in accordance with state laws, assist in development of treatment plans, carry out routine functions, direct activity programs, and document the progress of treatments. Generally requires formal training. Illustrative examples: Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant, Licensed Occupational Therapy Assistant
31-2012	Occupational Therapy Aides	Under close supervision of an occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant, perform only delegated, selected, or routine tasks in specific situations. These duties include preparing patient and treatment room. Illustrative examples: Occupational Rehabilitation Aide, Occupational Therapist Aide
31-2021	Physical Therapist Assistants	Assist physical therapists in providing physical therapy treatments and procedures. May, in accordance with state laws, assist in the development of treatment plans, carry out routine functions, document the progress of treatment, and modify specific treatments in accordance with patient status and within the scope of treatment plans established by a physical therapist. Generally requires formal training. Illustrative examples: Licensed Physical Therapist Assistant, Physiotherapy Assistant
31-2022	Physical Therapist Aides	Under close supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapy assistant, perform only delegated, selected, or routine tasks in specific situations. These duties include preparing the patient and the treatment area. Illustrative examples: Clinical Rehabilitation Aide, Physical Therapy Aide
31-9011	Massage Therapists	Perform therapeutic massages of soft tissues and joints. May assist in the assessment of range of motion and muscle strength, or propose client therapy plans. Illustrative examples: Deep Tissue Massage Therapist, Licensed Massage Therapist, Swedish Masseuse
31-9091	Dental Assistants	Perform limited clinical duties under the direction of a dentist. Clinical duties may include equipment preparation and sterilization, preparing patients for treatment, assisting the dentist during treatment, and providing patients with instructions for oral healthcare procedures. May perform administrative duties such as scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding information for insurance purposes. Illustrative examples: Certified Dental Assistant, Orthodontic Assistant
31-9092	Medical Assistants	Perform administrative and certain clinical duties under the direction of a physician. Administrative duties may include scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding information for insurance purposes. Clinical duties may include taking and recording vital signs and medical histories, preparing patients for examination, drawing blood, and administering medications as directed by physician. Excludes “Physician Assistants” (29-1071). Illustrative examples: Chiropractic Assistant, Morgue Attendant, Orthopedic Cast Specialist
31-9093	Medical Equipment Preparers	Prepare, sterilize, install, or clean laboratory or healthcare equipment. May perform routine laboratory tasks and operate or inspect equipment. Illustrative examples: Central Sterile Supply Technician, Sterilization Specialist
31-9094	Medical Transcriptionists	Transcribe medical reports recorded by physicians and other healthcare practitioners using various electronic devices, covering office visits, emergency room visits, diagnostic imaging studies, operations, chart reviews, and final summaries. Transcribe dictated reports and translate abbreviations into fully understandable form. Edit as necessary and return reports in either printed or electronic form for review and signature, or correction. Illustrative examples: Medical Stenographer, Medical Transcriber, Pathology Transcriptionist
31-9095	Pharmacy Aides	Record drugs delivered to the pharmacy, store incoming merchandise, and inform the supervisor of stock needs. May operate cash register and accept prescriptions for filling. Illustrative examples: Pharmacist Assistant, Pharmacy Clerk, Prescription Clerk
31-9096	Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers	Feed, water, and examine pets and other nonfarm animals for signs of illness, disease, or injury in laboratories and animal hospitals and clinics. Clean and disinfect cages and work areas, and sterilize laboratory and surgical equipment. May provide routine postoperative care, administer medication orally or topically, or prepare samples for laboratory examination under the supervision of veterinary or laboratory animal technologists or technicians, veterinarians, or scientists. Excludes “Animal Caretakers” (39-2021). Illustrative examples: Veterinarian Helper, Veterinary Attendant
31-9097	Phlebotomists	Draw blood for tests, transfusions, donations, or research. May explain the procedure to patients and assist in the recovery of patients with adverse reactions. Illustrative examples: Phlebotomy Technician, Venipuncturist
31-9099	Healthcare Support Workers, All Other	All healthcare support workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Ortho/Prosthetic Aide

33-0000 Protective Service Occupations

33-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of correctional officers and jailers. Illustrative examples: Corrections Sergeant, Prison Guard Supervisor
33-1012	First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of members of police force. Illustrative examples: Commanding Officer Homicide Squad, Detective Lieutenant, Police Lieutenant, Traffic Sergeant
33-1021	First-Line Supervisors of Firefighting and Prevention Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in firefighting and fire prevention and control. Illustrative examples: Fire Lieutenant, Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisor, Supervising Fire Marshal
33-1091	First-Line Supervisors of Security Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of security workers and security guards. Illustrative examples: Loss Prevention Supervisor, Security Guard Supervisor, TSA Screener Supervisor
33-1099	First-Line Supervisors of Protective Service Workers, All Other	All protective service supervisors not listed separately above. Illustrative examples: Animal Cruelty Investigation Supervisor
33-2011	Firefighters	Control and extinguish fires or respond to emergency situations where life, property, or the environment is at risk. Duties may include fire prevention, emergency medical service, hazardous material response, search and rescue, and disaster assistance. Illustrative examples: Fire Engine Pump Operator, Forest Firefighter, Marine Firefighter, Smoke Jumper
33-2021	Fire Inspectors and Investigators	Inspect buildings to detect fire hazards and enforce local ordinances and state laws, or investigate and gather facts to determine cause of fires and explosions. Illustrative examples: Arson Investigator, Certified Vehicle Fire Investigator, Fire Hazard Inspector, Fire Prevention Inspector
33-2022	Forest Fire Inspectors and Prevention Specialists	Enforce fire regulations, inspect forest for fire hazards, and recommend forest fire prevention or control measures. May report forest fires and weather conditions. Illustrative examples: Environmental Protection Fire Control Officer, Forest Fire Control Officer, Wildfire Prevention Specialist
33-3011	Bailiffs	Maintain order in courts of law. Illustrative examples: Court Bailiff, Court Security Officer, Deputy Bailiff
33-3012	Correctional Officers and Jailers	Guard inmates in penal or rehabilitative institutions in accordance with established regulations and procedures. May guard prisoners in transit between jail, courtroom, prison, or other point. Includes deputy sheriffs and police who spend the majority of their time guarding prisoners in correctional institutions. Illustrative examples: Certified Detention Deputy, Juvenile Corrections Officer, Prison Guard
33-3021	Detectives and Criminal Investigators	Conduct investigations related to suspected violations of federal, state, or local laws to prevent or solve crimes. Excludes “Private Detectives and Investigators” (33-9021). Illustrative examples: Deputy United States Marshal, Homicide Detective, Narcotics Investigator
33-3031	Fish and Game Wardens	Patrol assigned area to prevent fish and game law violations. Investigate reports of damage to crops or property by wildlife. Compile biological data. Illustrative examples: Conservation Enforcement Officer, Wildlife and Game Protector, Wildlife Officer
33-3041	Parking Enforcement Workers	Patrol assigned area, such as public parking lot or city streets to issue tickets to overtime parking violators and illegally parked vehicles. Illustrative examples: Meter Maid, Parking Enforcement Officer
33-3051	Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers	Maintain order and protect life and property by enforcing local, tribal, state, or federal laws and ordinances. Perform a combination of the following duties: patrol a specific area; direct traffic; issue traffic summonses; investigate accidents; apprehend and arrest suspects, or serve legal processes of courts. Includes police officers working at educational institutions. Illustrative examples: Border Patrol Officer, Campus Police Officer, Motorcycle Police, Park Police, State Trooper
33-3052	Transit and Railroad Police	Protect and police railroad and transit property, employees, or passengers. Illustrative examples: Railroad Detective, Track Patrol, Transit Authority Police
33-9011	Animal Control Workers	Handle animals for the purpose of investigations of mistreatment, or control of abandoned, dangerous, or unattended animals. Illustrative examples: Animal Control Officer, Animal Warden, Dog Catcher, Humane Officer
33-9021	Private Detectives and Investigators	Gather, analyze, compile, and report information regarding individuals or organizations to clients, or detect occurrences of unlawful acts or infractions of rules in private establishment. Illustrative examples: Private Eye, Skip Tracer, Store Detective
33-9031	Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators	Observe gambling operation for irregular activities such as cheating or theft by either employees or patrons. Investigate potential threats to gambling assets such as money, chips, and gambling equipment. Act as oversight and security agent for management and customers. Illustrative examples: Casino Investigator, Casino Surveillance Officer, Gambling Monitor
33-9032	Security Guards	Guard, patrol, or monitor premises to prevent theft, violence, or infractions of rules. May operate x-ray and metal detector equipment. Excludes “Police Officers” (33-3050) and “Transportation Security Screeners” (33-9093). Illustrative examples: Bank Guard, Bodyguard, Bouncer
33-9091	Crossing Guards and Flaggers	Guide or control vehicular or pedestrian traffic at such places as streets, schools, railroad crossings, or construction sites. Illustrative examples: Construction Site Crossing Guard, School Traffic Guard
33-9092	Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers	Monitor recreational areas, such as pools, beaches, or ski slopes, to provide assistance and protection to participants. Illustrative examples: Beach Lifeguard, Outdoor Emergency Care Technician
33-9093	Transportation Security Screeners	Conduct screening of passengers, baggage, or cargo to ensure compliance with Transportation Security Administration (TSA) regulations. May operate basic security equipment such as x-ray machines and hand wands at screening checkpoints. Illustrative examples: Airport Baggage Screener, Airport Security Screener, Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Screener, Transportation Security Officer
33-9094	School Bus Monitors	Maintain order among students on a school bus. Duties include helping students safely board and exit and communicating behavioral problems. May perform pretrip and posttrip inspections and prepare for and assist in emergency evacuations. Illustrative examples: Bus Monitor
33-9099	Protective Service Workers, All Other	All protective service workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Warrant Server

35-0000 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations

35-1011	Chefs and Head Cooks	Direct and may participate in the preparation, seasoning, and cooking of salads, soups, fish, meats, vegetables, desserts, or other foods. May plan and price menu items, order supplies, and keep records and accounts. Illustrative examples: Executive Chef, Pastry Chef, Sous Chef
35-1012	First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in preparing and serving food. Illustrative examples: Banquet Supervisor, Bar Manager, Kitchen Supervisor
35-2011	Cooks, Fast Food	Prepare and cook food in a fast food restaurant with a limited menu. Duties of these cooks are limited to preparation of a few basic items and normally involve operating large-volume single-purpose cooking equipment. Illustrative examples: Fast Food Fry Cook
35-2012	Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria	Prepare and cook large quantities of food for institutions, such as schools, hospitals, or cafeterias. Illustrative examples: Camp Cook, Galley Cook, Mess Cook, School Cook
35-2013	Cooks, Private Household	Prepare meals in private homes. Includes personal chefs. Illustrative examples: Certified Personal Chef, Private Chef
35-2014	Cooks, Restaurant	Prepare, season, and cook dishes such as soups, meats, vegetables, or desserts in restaurants. May order supplies, keep records and accounts, price items on menu, or plan menu. Illustrative examples: Banquet Cook, Line Cook, Saucier
35-2015	Cooks, Short Order	Prepare and cook to order a variety of foods that require only a short preparation time. May take orders from customers and serve patrons at counters or tables. Excludes “Cooks, Fast Food” (35-2011). Illustrative examples: Griddle Cook
35-2019	Cooks, All Other	All cooks not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Falafel Cart Cook, Fraternity House Cook
35-2021	Food Preparation Workers	Perform a variety of food preparation duties other than cooking, such as preparing cold foods and shellfish, slicing meat, and brewing coffee or tea. Illustrative examples: Fruit and Vegetable Parer, Salad Maker, Sandwich Maker
35-3011	Bartenders	Mix and serve drinks to patrons, directly or through waitstaff. Illustrative examples: Barkeep, Mixologist, Taproom Attendant
35-3023	Fast Food and Counter Workers	Perform duties such as taking orders and serving food and beverages. Serve customers at counter or from a steam table. May take payment. May prepare food and beverages. Counter attendants who also wait tables are included in “Waiters and Waitresses” (35-3031). Illustrative examples: Barista, Cafeteria Server, Ice Cream Server, Mess Attendant, Snack Bar Attendant
35-3031	Waiters and Waitresses	Take orders and serve food and beverages to patrons at tables in dining establishment. Excludes “Fast Food and Counter Workers” (35-3023). Illustrative examples: Cocktail Server, Dining Car Server, Wine Steward
35-3041	Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	Serve food to individuals outside of a restaurant environment, such as in hotel rooms, hospital rooms, residential care facilities, or cars. Excludes “Fast Food and Counter Workers” (35-3023) and “Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers” (41-9091). Illustrative examples: Boat Hop, Hospital Food Service Worker, Room Service Food Server
35-9011	Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers	Facilitate food service. Clean tables; remove dirty dishes; replace soiled table linens; set tables; replenish supply of clean linens, silverware, glassware, and dishes; supply service bar with food; and serve items such as water, condiments, and coffee to patrons. Illustrative examples: Bar Back, Busser, Lunchroom Attendant
35-9021	Dishwashers	Clean dishes, kitchen, food preparation equipment, or utensils. Illustrative examples: Dish Room Worker, Silverware Cleaner
35-9031	Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	Welcome patrons, seat them at tables or in lounge, and help ensure quality of facilities and service. Illustrative examples: Dining Room Host, Maitre D'
35-9099	Food Preparation and Serving Related Workers, All Other	All food preparation and serving related workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Kitchen Steward

37-0000 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations

37-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate work activities of cleaning personnel in hotels, hospitals, offices, and other establishments. Illustrative examples: Building Cleaning Supervisor, Cleaning Staff Supervisor, Custodial Supervisor
37-1012	First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in landscaping or groundskeeping activities. Work may involve reviewing contracts to ascertain service, machine, and workforce requirements; answering inquiries from potential customers regarding methods, material, and price ranges; and preparing estimates according to labor, material, and machine costs. Illustrative examples: Grounds Maintenance Supervisor, Head Greenskeeper, Horticultural Services Supervisor
37-2011	Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Keep buildings in clean and orderly condition. Perform heavy cleaning duties, such as cleaning floors, shampooing rugs, washing walls and glass, and removing rubbish. Duties may include tending furnace and boiler, performing routine maintenance activities, notifying management of need for repairs, and cleaning snow or debris from sidewalk. Illustrative examples: Industrial Plant Custodian, School Custodian, Window Washer
37-2012	Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Perform any combination of light cleaning duties to maintain private households or commercial establishments, such as hotels and hospitals, in a clean and orderly manner. Duties may include making beds, replenishing linens, cleaning rooms and halls, and vacuuming. Illustrative examples: Chambermaid, House Cleaner, Housekeeping Staff
37-2019	Building Cleaning Workers, All Other	All building cleaning workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Building Pressure Washer, Chimney Sweeper
37-2021	Pest Control Workers	Apply or release chemical solutions or toxic gases and set traps to kill or remove pests and vermin that infest buildings and surrounding areas. Illustrative examples: Exterminator, Fumigator, Rodent Exterminator
37-3011	Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	Landscape or maintain grounds of property using hand or power tools or equipment. Workers typically perform a variety of tasks, which may include any combination of the following: sod laying, mowing, trimming, planting, watering, fertilizing, digging, raking, sprinkler installation, and installation of mortarless segmental concrete masonry wall units. Excludes “Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse” (45-2092). Illustrative examples: Greenskeeper, Hedge Trimmer, Lawn Caretaker, Shrub Planter
37-3012	Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation	Mix or apply pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides through sprays, dusts, vapors, soil incorporation, or chemical application on trees, shrubs, lawns, or crops. Usually requires specific training and state or federal certification. Crop dusters are included in “Commercial Pilots” (53-2012). Illustrative examples: Fruit Sprayer, Weed Sprayer
37-3013	Tree Trimmers and Pruners	Using sophisticated climbing and rigging techniques, cut away dead or excess branches from trees or shrubs to maintain right-of-way for roads, sidewalks, or utilities, or to improve appearance, health, and value of tree. Prune or treat trees or shrubs using handsaws, hand pruners, clippers, and power pruners. Works off the ground in the tree canopy and may use truck-mounted lifts. Excludes workers who primarily perform duties of “Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers” (37-3011) and “Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation” (37-3012). Illustrative examples: Tree Specialist, Tree Surgeon, Utility Arborist
37-3019	Grounds Maintenance Workers, All Other	All grounds maintenance workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Trailhead Maintenance Worker, Tree Trimmer Helper

39-0000 Personal Care and Service Occupations

39-1013	First-Line Supervisors of Gambling Services Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers in assigned gambling areas. May circulate among tables, observe operations, and ensure that stations and games are covered for each shift. May verify and pay off jackpots. May reset slot machines after payoffs and make repairs or adjustments to slot machines or recommend removal of slot machines for repair. May plan and organize activities and services for guests in hotels/casinos. Illustrative examples: Cardroom Supervisor, Casino Slot Supervisor, Electronic Gambling Device Supervisor, Pit Boss, Slot Key Person, Table Games Supervisor
39-1014	First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers, Except Gambling Services	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of entertainment and recreation related workers. Illustrative examples: Arcade Supervisor, Caddy Master, Recreation Attendant Supervisor
39-1022	First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	Supervise and coordinate activities of personal service workers. Illustrative examples: Animal Trainer Supervisor, Child Care Worker Supervisor, Hair Salon Supervisor
39-2011	Animal Trainers	Train animals for riding, harness, security, performance, or obedience, or for assisting persons with disabilities. Accustom animals to human voice and contact, and condition animals to respond to commands. Train animals according to prescribed standards for show or competition. May train animals to carry pack loads or work as part of pack team. Illustrative examples: Guide Dog Trainer, Horse Breaker, Marine Mammal Trainer
39-2021	Animal Caretakers	Feed, water, groom, bathe, exercise, or otherwise provide care to promote and maintain the well-being of pets and other animals that are not raised for consumption, such as dogs, cats, race horses, ornamental fish or birds, zoo animals, and mice. Work in settings such as kennels, animal shelters, zoos, circuses, and aquariums. May keep records of feedings, treatments, and animals received or discharged. May clean, disinfect, and repair cages, pens, or fish tanks. Excludes “Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers” (31-9096) and “Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals” (45-2093). Illustrative examples: Animal Shelter Worker, Dog Groomer, Kennel Worker, Zookeeper
39-3011	Gambling Dealers	Operate table games. Stand or sit behind table and operate games of chance by dispensing the appropriate number of cards or blocks to players, or operating other gambling equipment. Distribute winnings or collect players’ money or chips. May compare the house’s hand against players’ hands. Illustrative examples: Blackjack Dealer, Craps Dealer, Poker Dealer, Roulette Dealer
39-3012	Gambling and Sports Book Writers and Runners	Post information enabling patrons to wager on various races and sporting events. Assist in the operation of games such as keno and bingo. May operate random number-generating equipment and announce the numbers for patrons. Receive, verify, and record patrons’ wagers. Scan and process winning tickets presented by patrons and pay out winnings for those wagers. Illustrative examples: Betting Clerk, Bingo Worker, Keno Runner, Race Book Writer
39-3019	Gambling Service Workers, All Other	All gambling service workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Pit Clerk, Proposition Player, Shill
39-3021	Motion Picture Projectionists	Set up and operate motion picture projection and related sound reproduction equipment. Illustrative examples: Film Projector Operator, Movie Projectionist
39-3031	Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	Assist patrons at entertainment events by performing duties, such as collecting admission tickets and passes from patrons, assisting in finding seats, searching for lost articles, and helping patrons locate such facilities as restrooms and telephones. Illustrative examples: Theater Usher, Ticket Collector
39-3091	Amusement and Recreation Attendants	Perform a variety of attending duties at amusement or recreation facility. May schedule use of recreation facilities, maintain and provide equipment to participants of sporting events or recreational pursuits, or operate amusement concessions and rides. Illustrative examples: Arcade Attendant, Golf Caddy, Ski Lift Operator
39-3092	Costume Attendants	Select, fit, and take care of costumes for cast members, and aid entertainers. May assist with multiple costume changes during performances. Illustrative examples: Theatrical Wardrobe Dresser, Wardrobe Attendant
39-3093	Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants	Provide personal items to patrons or customers in locker rooms, dressing rooms, or coatrooms. Illustrative examples: Bathhouse Attendant, Coat Checker, Washroom Attendant
39-3099	Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers, All Other	All entertainment attendants and related workers not listed separately.
39-4011	Embalmers	Prepare bodies for interment in conformity with legal requirements. Illustrative examples: Licensed Embalmer, Restorative Art Embalmer
39-4012	Crematory Operators	Operate crematory equipment to reduce human or animal remains to bone fragments in accordance with state and local regulations. Duties may include preparing the body for cremation and performing general maintenance on crematory equipment. May use traditional flame-based cremation, calcination, or alkaline hydrolysis. Illustrative examples: Cremator, Crematory Operator
39-4021	Funeral Attendants	Perform a variety of tasks during funeral, such as placing casket in parlor or chapel prior to service, arranging floral offerings or lights around casket, directing or escorting mourners, closing casket, and issuing and storing funeral equipment. Illustrative examples: Funeral Home Assistant, Mortician Helper, Pallbearer
39-4031	Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Arrangers	Perform various tasks to arrange and direct individual funeral services, such as coordinating transportation of body to mortuary, interviewing family or other authorized person to arrange details, selecting pallbearers, aiding with the selection of officials for religious rites, and providing transportation for mourners. Excludes “Funeral Home Managers” (11-9171). Illustrative examples: Certified Mortician, Funeral Arranger
39-5011	Barbers	Provide barbering services, such as cutting, trimming, shampooing, and styling hair; trimming beards; or giving shaves. Illustrative examples: Barber Apprentice, Master Barber
39-5012	Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	Provide beauty services, such as cutting, coloring, and styling hair, and massaging and treating scalp. May shampoo hair, apply makeup, dress wigs, remove hair, and provide nail and skincare services. Excludes “Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance” (39-5091), “Manicurists and Pedicurists” (39-5092), and “Skincare Specialists” (39-5094). Illustrative examples: Beautician, Wig Stylist
39-5091	Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance	Apply makeup to performers to reflect period, setting, and situation of their role. Illustrative examples: Special Effects Makeup Artist
39-5092	Manicurists and Pedicurists	Clean and shape customers’ fingernails and toenails. May polish or decorate nails. Illustrative examples: Fingernail Sculptor, Nail Technician
39-5093	Shampooers	Shampoo and rinse customers’ hair. Illustrative examples: Scalp Treatment Specialist, Shampoo Assistant
39-5094	Skincare Specialists	Provide skincare treatments to face and body to enhance an individual’s appearance. Includes electrologists and laser hair removal specialists. Illustrative examples: Electrolysis Operator, Facialist, Medical Esthetician
39-6011	Baggage Porters and Bellhops	Handle baggage for travelers at transportation terminals or for guests at hotels or similar establishments. Illustrative examples: Bellstaff, Hotel Baggage Handler, Skycap
39-6012	Concierges	Assist patrons at hotel, apartment, or office building with personal services. May take messages; arrange or give advice on transportation, business services, or entertainment; or monitor guest requests for housekeeping and maintenance. Illustrative examples: Activities Concierge, Hotel Concierge, Hotel Guest Service Agent
39-7011	Tour Guides and Escorts	Escort individuals or groups on sightseeing tours or through places of interest, such as industrial establishments, public buildings, and art galleries. Illustrative examples: Historical Site Guide, Museum Guide, Sightseeing Guide
39-7012	Travel Guides	Plan, organize, and conduct long-distance travel, tours, and expeditions for individuals and groups. Illustrative examples: Cruise Director, River Expedition Guide
39-9011	Childcare Workers	Attend to children at schools, businesses, private households, and childcare institutions. Perform a variety of tasks, such as dressing, feeding, bathing, and overseeing play. Excludes “Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education” (25-2011) and “Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education” (25-9042). Illustrative examples: Au Pair, Daycare Provider, Nanny
39-9031	Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors	Instruct or coach groups or individuals in exercise activities for the primary purpose of personal fitness. Demonstrate techniques and form, observe participants, and explain to them corrective measures necessary to improve their skills. Develop and implement individualized approaches to exercise. Excludes “Educational Instruction and Library Occupations” (25-0000), “Coaches and Scouts” (27-2022), and “Athletic Trainers” (29- 9091). Illustrative examples: Aerobics Instructor, Personal Trainer, Yoga Instructor
39-9032	Recreation Workers	Conduct recreation activities with groups in public, private, or volunteer agencies or recreation facilities. Organize and promote activities, such as arts and crafts, sports, games, music, dramatics, social recreation, camping, and hobbies, taking into account the needs and interests of individual members. Illustrative examples: Camp Counselor, Recreational Activities Aide
39-9041	Residential Advisors	Coordinate activities in resident facilities in secondary school and college dormitories, group homes, or similar establishments. Order supplies and determine need for maintenance, repairs, and furnishings. May maintain household records and assign rooms. May assist residents with problem solving or refer them to counseling resources. Illustrative examples: Dormitory Counselor, House Parent, Residence Life Coordinator
39-9099	Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other	All personal care and service workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Butler, House Sitter, Shoe Shiner, Valet

41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations

41-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties. Illustrative examples: Cashier Supervisor, Delicatessen Department Manager
41-1012	First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of sales workers other than retail sales workers. May perform duties such as budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties. Illustrative examples: Insurance Sales Supervisor, Real Estate Sales Supervisor, Telemarketer Supervisor
41-2011	Cashiers	Receive and disburse money in establishments other than financial institutions. May use electronic scanners, cash registers, or related equipment. May process credit or debit card transactions and validate checks. Excludes “Gambling Change Persons and Booth Cashiers” (41-2012). Illustrative examples: Cash Register Operator, Grocery Checker, Toll Collector
41-2012	Gambling Change Persons and Booth Cashiers	Exchange coins, tokens, and chips for patrons’ money. May issue payoffs and obtain customer’s signature on receipt. May operate a booth in the slot machine area and furnish change persons with money bank at the start of the shift, or count and audit money in drawers. Excludes “Cashiers” (41-2011). Illustrative examples: Mutuel Teller, Slot Attendant
41-2021	Counter and Rental Clerks	Receive orders, generally in person, for repairs, rentals, and services. May describe available options, compute cost, and accept payment. Excludes “Fast Food and Counter Workers” (35-3023), “Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks” (43-4081), “Order Clerks” (43-4151), and “Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks” (43-4181). Illustrative examples: Automotive Service Writer, Car Rental Agent, Dry Cleaning Counter Clerk
41-2022	Parts Salespersons	Sell spare and replacement parts and equipment in repair shop or parts store. Illustrative examples: Auto Parts Salesperson, Electronic Parts Salesperson
41-2031	Retail Salespersons	Sell merchandise, such as furniture, motor vehicles, appliances, or apparel to consumers. Excludes “Cashiers” (41- 2011). Illustrative examples: Used Car Salesperson, Women's Apparel Salesperson
41-3011	Advertising Sales Agents	Sell or solicit advertising space, time, or media in publications, signage, TV, radio, or Internet establishments or public spaces. Illustrative examples: Advertising Account Executive, Display Advertising Sales Representative, Yellow Pages Space Salesperson
41-3021	Insurance Sales Agents	Sell life, property, casualty, health, automotive, or other types of insurance. May refer clients to independent brokers, work as an independent broker, or be employed by an insurance company. Illustrative examples: Life Insurance Salesperson, Pension Agent
41-3031	Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	Buy and sell securities or commodities in investment and trading firms, or provide financial services to businesses and individuals. May advise customers about stocks, bonds, mutual funds, commodities, and market conditions. Illustrative examples: Foreign Exchange Trader, Investment Banker, Securities Trader, Stock Broker
41-3041	Travel Agents	Plan and sell transportation and accommodations for customers. Determine destination, modes of transportation, travel dates, costs, and accommodations required. May also describe, plan, and arrange itineraries and sell tour packages. May assist in resolving clients’ travel problems. Illustrative examples: Corporate Travel Expert, Travel Service Consultant
41-3091	Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel	Sell services to individuals or businesses. May describe options or resolve client problems. Excludes “Advertising Sales Agents” (41-3011), “Insurance Sales Agents” (41-3021), “Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents” (41-3031), “Travel Agents” (41-3041), “Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing” (41- 4010), and “Telemarketers” (41-9041). Illustrative examples: Business Services Sales Representative, Membership Solicitor, Pest Control Service Sales Agent
41-4011	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers where technical or scientific knowledge is required in such areas as biology, engineering, chemistry, and electronics, normally obtained from at least 2 years of postsecondary education. Excludes “Sales Engineers” (41-9031).  Illustrative examples: Pharmaceutical Sales Representative, Surgical Instruments Sales Representative, Wholesale Ultrasonic Equipment Salesperson
41-4012	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses or groups of individuals. Work requires substantial knowledge of items sold. Illustrative examples: Hotel Supplies Salesperson, Pulpwood Dealer, Wholesale Diamond Broker
41-9011	Demonstrators and Product Promoters	Demonstrate merchandise and answer questions for the purpose of creating public interest in buying the product. May sell demonstrated merchandise. Illustrative examples: Home Demonstrator, In-Store Demonstrator
41-9012	Models	Model garments or other apparel and accessories for prospective buyers at fashion shows, private showings, or retail establishments. May pose for photos to be used in magazines or advertisements. May pose as subject for paintings, sculptures, and other types of artistic expression. Illustrative examples: Fashion Model, Hand Model, Photographer's Model
41-9021	Real Estate Brokers	Operate real estate office, or work for commercial real estate firm, overseeing real estate transactions. Other duties usually include selling real estate or renting properties and arranging loans. Illustrative examples: Licensed Real Estate Broker
41-9022	Real Estate Sales Agents	Rent, buy, or sell property for clients. Perform duties such as study property listings, interview prospective clients, accompany clients to property site, discuss conditions of sale, and draw up real estate contracts. Includes agents who represent buyer. Illustrative examples: Apartment Rental Agent, Right of Way Agent
41-9031	Sales Engineers	Sell business goods or services, the selling of which requires a technical background equivalent to a baccalaureate degree in engineering. Excludes “Engineers” (17-2011 through 17-2199) whose primary function is not marketing or sales. Illustrative examples: Aerospace Products Sales Engineer, Missile Navigation Systems Sales Engineer, Nuclear Equipment Sales Engineer
41-9041	Telemarketers	Solicit donations or orders for goods or services over the telephone. Illustrative examples: Telemarketing Sales Representative, Telephone Solicitor
41-9091	Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers	Sell goods or services door-to-door or on the street. Illustrative examples: Newspaper Carrier, Peddler, Souvenir Street Vendor
41-9099	Sales and Related Workers, All Other	All sales and related workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Auctioneer, Blood Donor Recruiter, Pawn Shop Clerk, Personal Shopper, Store Gift Wrap Associate

43-0000 Office and Administrative Support Occupations

43-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of clerical and administrative support workers. Illustrative examples: Clerical Supervisor, Payroll Supervisor, Teller Supervisor
43-2011	Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	Operate telephone business systems equipment or switchboards to relay incoming, outgoing, and interoffice calls. May supply information to callers and record messages. Illustrative examples: Private Branch Exchange Operator, Telephone Answering Service Operator, Telephone Switchboard Operator
43-2021	Telephone Operators	Provide information by accessing alphabetical, geographical, or other directories. Assist customers with special billing requests, such as charges to a third party and credits or refunds for incorrectly dialed numbers or bad connections. May handle emergency calls and assist children or people with physical disabilities to make telephone calls. Illustrative examples: Directory Assistance Operator, Information Operator, Long Distance Operator
43-2099	Communications Equipment Operators, All Other	All communications equipment operators not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Radio Operator
43-3011	Bill and Account Collectors	Locate and notify customers of delinquent accounts by mail, telephone, or personal visit to solicit payment. Duties include receiving payment and posting amount to customer’s account, preparing statements to credit department if customer fails to respond, initiating repossession proceedings or service disconnection, and keeping records of collection and status of accounts. Illustrative examples: Collection Agent, Debt Collector, Repossessor
43-3021	Billing and Posting Clerks	Compile, compute, and record billing, accounting, statistical, and other numerical data for billing purposes. Prepare billing invoices for services rendered or for delivery or shipment of goods. Excludes “Medical Records Specialists” (29-2072). Illustrative examples: Invoice Control Clerk, Statement Processor
43-3031	Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	Compute, classify, and record numerical data to keep financial records complete. Perform any combination of routine calculating, posting, and verifying duties to obtain primary financial data for use in maintaining accounting records. May also check the accuracy of figures, calculations, and postings pertaining to business transactions recorded by other workers. Excludes “Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks” (43-3051). Illustrative examples: Accounts Receivable Clerk, Bookkeeper, Mortgage Accounting Clerk
43-3041	Gambling Cage Workers	In a gambling establishment, conduct financial transactions for patrons. Accept patron’s credit application and verify credit references to provide check-cashing authorization or to establish house credit accounts. May reconcile daily summaries of transactions to balance books. May sell gambling chips, tokens, or tickets to patrons, or to other workers for resale to patrons. May convert gambling chips, tokens, or tickets to currency upon patron’s request. May use a cash register or computer to record transaction. Illustrative examples: Cage Cashier, Casino Cashier
43-3051	Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	Compile and record employee time and payroll data. May compute employees’ time worked, production, and commission. May compute and post wages and deductions, or prepare paychecks. Excludes “Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks” (43-3031). Illustrative examples: Time and Attendance Clerk, Timekeeper
43-3061	Procurement Clerks	Compile information and records to draw up purchase orders for procurement of materials and services. Excludes “Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products” (13-1022). Illustrative examples: Procurement Assistant, Purchasing Clerk
43-3071	Tellers	Receive and pay out money. Keep records of money and negotiable instruments involved in a financial institution’s various transactions. Illustrative examples: Foreign Exchange Clerk, Money Order Clerk, Securities Teller
43-3099	Financial Clerks, All Other	All financial clerks not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Bank Vault Attendant, Financial Reserve Clerk, Safety Deposit Clerk
43-4011	Brokerage Clerks	Perform duties related to the purchase, sale, or holding of securities. Duties include writing orders for stock purchases or sales, computing transfer taxes, verifying stock transactions, accepting and delivering securities, tracking stock price fluctuations, computing equity, distributing dividends, and keeping records of daily transactions and holdings. Illustrative examples: Commodities Clerk, Dividend Clerk
43-4021	Correspondence Clerks	Compose letters or electronic correspondence in reply to requests for merchandise, damage claims, credit and other information, delinquent accounts, incorrect billings, or unsatisfactory services. Duties may include gathering data to formulate reply and preparing correspondence. Illustrative examples: Fan Mail Editor, Medicare Correspondence Representative
43-4031	Court, Municipal, and License Clerks	Perform clerical duties for courts of law, municipalities, or governmental licensing agencies and bureaus. May prepare docket of cases to be called; secure information for judges and court; prepare draft agendas or bylaws for town or city council; answer official correspondence; keep fiscal records and accounts; issue licenses or permits; and record data, administer tests, or collect fees. Clerks of Court are classified in “Managers, All Other” (11-9199). Illustrative examples: Circuit Court Clerk, Motor Vehicle License Clerk, Warrant Clerk
43-4041	Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks	Authorize credit charges against customers’ accounts. Investigate history and credit standing of individuals or business establishments applying for credit. May interview applicants to obtain personal and financial data, determine credit worthiness, process applications, and notify customers of acceptance or rejection of credit. Illustrative examples: Charge Authorizer, Commercial Credit Reviewer, Credit Rating Checker
43-4051	Customer Service Representatives	Interact with customers to provide basic or scripted information in response to routine inquiries about products and services. May handle and resolve general complaints. Excludes individuals whose duties are primarily installation, sales, repair, and technical support. Illustrative examples: Customer Complaint Clerk, Passenger Relations Representative, Warranty Clerk
43-4061	Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs	Determine eligibility of persons applying to receive assistance from government programs and agency resources, such as welfare, unemployment benefits, social security, and public housing. Illustrative examples: Medicare Interviewer, Public Housing Interviewer, Unemployment Benefits Claims Taker
43-4071	File Clerks	File correspondence, cards, invoices, receipts, and other records in alphabetical or numerical order or according to the filing system used. Locate and remove material from file when requested. Illustrative examples: Document Clerk, Records Clerk
43-4081	Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	Accommodate hotel, motel, and resort patrons by registering and assigning rooms to guests, issuing room keys or cards, transmitting and receiving messages, keeping records of occupied rooms and guests’ accounts, making and confirming reservations, and presenting statements to and collecting payments from departing guests. Illustrative examples: Hotel Front Desk Clerk, Hotel Registration Clerk
43-4111	Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan	Interview persons by telephone, mail, in person, or by other means for the purpose of completing forms, applications, or questionnaires. Ask specific questions, record answers, and assist persons with completing form. May sort, classify, and file forms. Illustrative examples: Census Taker, Market Research Interviewer, Outpatient Interviewing Clerk
43-4121	Library Assistants, Clerical	Compile records, and sort, shelve, issue, and receive library materials such as books, electronic media, pictures, cards, slides and microfilm. Locate library materials for loan and replace material in shelving area, stacks, or files according to identification number and title. Register patrons to permit them to borrow books, periodicals, and other library materials. Excludes “Library Technicians” (25-4031). Illustrative examples: Braille and Talking Books Clerk, Circulation Clerk, Microfilm Clerk
43-4131	Loan Interviewers and Clerks	Interview loan applicants to elicit information; investigate applicants’ backgrounds and verify references; prepare loan request papers; and forward findings, reports, and documents to appraisal department. Review loan papers to ensure completeness, and complete transactions between loan establishment, borrowers, and sellers upon approval of loan. Illustrative examples: Loan Processor, Mortgage Loan Closer
43-4141	New Account Clerks	Interview persons desiring to open accounts in financial institutions. Explain account services available to prospective customers and assist them in preparing applications. Illustrative examples: Banking Services Clerk, New Accounts Banking Representative
43-4151	Order Clerks	Receive and process incoming orders for materials, merchandise, classified ads, or services such as repairs, installations, or rental of facilities. Generally receives orders via mail, phone, fax, or other electronic means. Duties include informing customers of receipt, prices, shipping dates, and delays; preparing contracts; and handling complaints. Excludes “Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance” (43-5032) who both dispatch and take orders for services. Illustrative examples: Catalogue Clerk, Classified Ad Clerk, Subscription Clerk
43-4161	Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	Compile and keep personnel records. Record data for each employee, such as address, weekly earnings, absences, amount of sales or production, supervisory reports, and date of and reason for termination. May prepare reports for employment records, file employment records, or search employee files and furnish information to authorized persons. Illustrative examples: HR Clerk, Personnel Clerk
43-4171	Receptionists and Information Clerks	Answer inquiries and provide information to the general public, customers, visitors, and other interested parties regarding activities conducted at establishment and location of departments, offices, and employees within the organization. Excludes “Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service” (43-2011). Illustrative examples: Appointment Clerk, Front Desk Receptionist, Land Leasing Information Clerk
43-4181	Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks	Make and confirm reservations for transportation or lodging, or sell transportation tickets. May check baggage and direct passengers to designated concourse, pier, or track; deliver tickets and contact individuals and groups to inform them of package tours; or provide tourists with travel or transportation information. Excludes "Cashiers” (41-2011), "Travel Agents” (41-3041), and "Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks” (43-4081) who sell tickets for local transportation. Illustrative examples: Airline Ticket Agent, Gate Agent, Hotel Reservationist, Train Reservation Clerk
43-4199	Information and Record Clerks, All Other	All information and record clerks not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Election Clerk, Probate Clerk, Student Admissions Clerk
43-5011	Cargo and Freight Agents	Expedite and route movement of incoming and outgoing cargo and freight shipments in airline, train, and trucking terminals and shipping docks. Take orders from customers and arrange pickup of freight and cargo for delivery to loading platform. Prepare and examine bills of lading to determine shipping charges and tariffs. Illustrative examples: Cargo Router, Freight Shipping Agent
43-5021	Couriers and Messengers	Pick up and deliver messages, documents, packages, and other items between offices or departments within an establishment or directly to other business concerns, traveling by foot, bicycle, motorcycle, automobile, or public conveyance. Excludes “Light Truck Drivers” (53-3033). Illustrative examples: Bicycle Messenger, Laboratory Courier, Office Runner
43-5031	Public Safety Telecommunicators	Operate telephone, radio, or other communication systems to receive and communicate requests for emergency assistance at 9-1-1 public safety answering points and emergency operations centers. Take information from the public and other sources regarding crimes, threats, disturbances, acts of terrorism, fires, medical emergencies, and other public safety matters. May coordinate and provide information to law enforcement and emergency response personnel. May access sensitive databases and other information sources as needed. May provide additional instructions to callers based on knowledge of and certification in law enforcement, fire, or emergency medical procedures. Illustrative examples: 911 Operator, Emergency Operator, Public Safety Dispatcher, Public Safety Telecommunicator
43-5032	Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance	Schedule and dispatch workers, work crews, equipment, or service vehicles for conveyance of materials, freight, or passengers, or for normal installation, service, or emergency repairs rendered outside the place of business. Duties may include using radio, telephone, or computer to transmit assignments and compiling statistics and reports on work progress. Illustrative examples: Taxicab Dispatcher, Tow Truck Dispatcher, Train Dispatcher
43-5041	Meter Readers, Utilities	Read meter and record consumption of electricity, gas, water, or steam. Illustrative examples: Electric Meter Reader, Gas Meter Reader, Water Meter Reader
43-5051	Postal Service Clerks	Perform any combination of tasks in a United States Postal Service (USPS) post office, such as receive letters and parcels; sell postage and revenue stamps, postal cards, and stamped envelopes; fill out and sell money orders; place mail in pigeon holes of mail rack or in bags; and examine mail for correct postage. Includes postal service clerks employed by USPS contractors. Illustrative examples: Bulk Mail Clerk, Parcel Post Clerk, Postal Service Window Clerk
43-5052	Postal Service Mail Carriers	Sort and deliver mail for the United States Postal Service (USPS). Deliver mail on established route by vehicle or on foot. Includes postal service mail carriers employed by USPS contractors. Illustrative examples: Letter Carrier, Mail Deliverer, Rural Route Carrier
43-5053	Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators	Prepare incoming and outgoing mail for distribution for the United States Postal Service (USPS). Examine, sort, and route mail. Load, operate, and occasionally adjust and repair mail processing, sorting, and canceling machinery. Keep records of shipments, pouches, and sacks, and perform other duties related to mail handling within the postal service. Includes postal service mail sorters and processors employed by USPS contractors. Excludes “Postal Service Clerks” (43-5051) and “Postal Service Mail Carriers” (43-5052). Illustrative examples: Flat Sorting Machine Clerk, Mail Forwarding System Markup Clerk
43-5061	Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks	Coordinate and expedite the flow of work and materials within or between departments of an establishment according to production schedule. Duties include reviewing and distributing production, work, and shipment schedules; conferring with department supervisors to determine progress of work and completion dates; and compiling reports on progress of work, inventory levels, costs, and production problems. Excludes “Project Management Specialists” (13-1082) and “Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping” (43- 5111). Illustrative examples: Expeditor, Material Control Clerk, Production Scheduler
43-5071	Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks	Verify and maintain records on incoming and outgoing shipments involving inventory. Duties include verifying and recording incoming merchandise or material and arranging for the transportation of products. May prepare items for shipment. Excludes “Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping” (43-5111), “Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, except Postal Service” (43-9051), and “Stockers and Order Fillers” (53-7065). Illustrative examples: Incoming Freight Clerk, Route Delivery Clerk, Store Receiving Clerk, Warehouse Clerk
43-5111	Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping	Weigh, measure, and check materials, supplies, and equipment for the purpose of keeping relevant records. Duties are primarily clerical by nature. Includes workers who collect and keep record of samples of products or materials. Excludes “Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers” (51-9061). Illustrative examples: Cheese Weigher, Scale Attendant, Weighing Station Operator
43-6011	Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	Provide high-level administrative support by conducting research, preparing statistical reports, and handling information requests, as well as performing routine administrative functions such as preparing correspondence, receiving visitors, arranging conference calls, and scheduling meetings. May also train and supervise lower-level clerical staff. Excludes “Secretaries” (43-6012 through 43-6014). Illustrative examples: Executive Assistant
43-6012	Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	Perform secretarial duties using legal terminology, procedures, and documents. Prepare legal papers and correspondence, such as summonses, complaints, motions, and subpoenas. May also assist with legal research. Illustrative examples: Law Secretary, Legal Administrative Assistant
43-6013	Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	Perform secretarial duties using specific knowledge of medical terminology and hospital, clinic, or laboratory procedures. Duties may include scheduling appointments, billing patients, and compiling and recording medical charts, reports, and correspondence. Illustrative examples: Dental Secretary, Psychiatric Secretary
43-6014	Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	Perform routine administrative functions such as drafting correspondence, scheduling appointments, organizing and maintaining paper and electronic files, or providing information to callers. Excludes legal, medical, and executive secretaries (43-6011 through 43-6013). Illustrative examples: Office Secretary, Personal Secretary
43-9021	Data Entry Keyers	Operate data entry device, such as keyboard or photo composing perforator. Duties may include verifying data and preparing materials for printing. Excludes “Word Processors and Typists” (43-9022). Illustrative examples: Data Input Clerk, Data Typist
43-9022	Word Processors and Typists	Use word processor, computer, or typewriter to type letters, reports, forms, or other material from rough draft, corrected copy, or voice recording. May perform other clerical duties as assigned. Excludes “Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners” (27-3092), “Medical Transcriptionists” (31-9094), “Secretaries and Administrative Assistants” (43-6010), and “Data Entry Keyers” (43-9021). Illustrative examples: Clerk Typist, Transcription Typist
43-9031	Desktop Publishers	Format typescript and graphic elements using computer software to produce publication-ready material. Illustrative examples: Desktop Publishing Specialist, Electronic Publisher
43-9041	Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	Process new insurance policies, modifications to existing policies, and claims forms. Obtain information from policyholders to verify the accuracy and completeness of information on claims forms, applications and related documents, and company records. Update existing policies and company records to reflect changes requested by policyholders and insurance company representatives. Excludes “Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators” (13-1031). Illustrative examples: Insurance Policy Issue Clerk, Underwriting Clerk
43-9051	Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service	Prepare incoming and outgoing mail for distribution. Time-stamp, open, read, sort, and route incoming mail; and address, seal, stamp, fold, stuff, and affix postage to outgoing mail or packages. Duties may also include keeping necessary records and completed forms. Illustrative examples: Direct Mail Clerk, Mailroom Clerk, Packaging Clerk
43-9061	Office Clerks, General	Perform duties too varied and diverse to be classified in any specific office clerical occupation, requiring knowledge of office systems and procedures. Clerical duties may be assigned in accordance with the office procedures of individual establishments and may include a combination of answering telephones, bookkeeping, typing or word processing, office machine operation, and filing. Illustrative examples: Administrative Clerk, Office Assistant, Real Estate Clerk
43-9071	Office Machine Operators, Except Computer	Operate one or more of a variety of office machines, such as photocopying, photographic, and duplicating machines, or other office machines. Excludes “Billing and Posting Clerks” (43-3021) and “Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service” (43-9051). Illustrative examples: Coin Wrapping Machine Operator, Copy Machine Operator, Scanning Equipment Operators
43-9081	Proofreaders and Copy Markers	Read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographical, or compositional errors. Excludes workers whose primary duty is editing copy. Includes proofreaders of braille. Illustrative examples: Braille Proofreader, Copy Reader, Editorial Assistant
43-9111	Statistical Assistants	Compile and compute data according to statistical formulas for use in statistical studies. May perform actuarial computations and compile charts and graphs for use by actuaries. Includes actuarial clerks. Illustrative examples: Actuarial Assistant, Statistical Clerk
43-9199	Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other	All office and administrative support workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Envelope Stuffer, Fingerprint Clerk, Notary Public

45-0000 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations

45-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of agricultural, forestry, aquacultural, and related workers. Excludes “First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers” (37-1012). Illustrative examples: Corral Boss, Cranberry Bog Supervisor, Fish Hatchery Supervisor
45-2011	Agricultural Inspectors	Inspect agricultural commodities, processing equipment, and facilities, and fish and logging operations, to ensure compliance with regulations and laws governing health, quality, and safety. Illustrative examples: Cattle Examiner, Grain Sampler, Milk Tester
45-2021	Animal Breeders	Select and breed animals according to their genealogy, characteristics, and offspring. May require knowledge of artificial insemination techniques and equipment use. May involve keeping records on heats, birth intervals, or pedigree. Excludes “Animal Scientists” (19-1011) whose primary function is research and “Animal Caretakers” (39- 2021) who may occasionally breed animals as part of their other caretaking duties. Illustrative examples: Dairy Husbandry Worker, Horse Breeder
45-2041	Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products	Grade, sort, or classify unprocessed food and other agricultural products by size, weight, color, or condition. Excludes “Agricultural Inspectors” (45-2011). Illustrative examples: Cotton Grader, Egg Grader, Fruit Sorter, Meat Grader
45-2091	Agricultural Equipment Operators	Drive and control equipment to support agricultural activities such as tilling soil; planting, cultivating, and harvesting crops; feeding and herding livestock; or removing animal waste. May perform tasks such as crop baling or hay bucking. May operate stationary equipment to perform post-harvest tasks such as husking, shelling, threshing, and ginning. Illustrative examples: Combine Operator, Feed Mixer Operator, Hay Baler, Tractor Operator
45-2092	Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse	Manually plant, cultivate, and harvest vegetables, fruits, nuts, horticultural specialties, and field crops. Use hand tools, such as shovels, trowels, hoes, tampers, pruning hooks, shears, and knives. Duties may include tilling soil and applying fertilizers; transplanting, weeding, thinning, or pruning crops; applying pesticides; or cleaning, grading, sorting, packing, and loading harvested products. May construct trellises, repair fences and farm buildings, or participate in irrigation activities. Excludes “Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation” (37-3012), “Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products” (45-2041), and “Forest, Conservation, and Logging Workers” (45-4011 through 45-4029). Illustrative examples: Greenhouse Transplanter, Pecan Gatherer, Pepper Picker
45-2093	Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	Attend to live farm, ranch, open range or aquacultural animals that may include cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses and other equines, poultry, rabbits, finfish, shellfish, and bees. Attend to animals produced for animal products, such as meat, fur, skins, feathers, eggs, milk, and honey. Duties may include feeding, watering, herding, grazing, milking, castrating, branding, de-beaking, weighing, catching, and loading animals. May maintain records on animals; examine animals to detect diseases and injuries; assist in birth deliveries; and administer medications, vaccinations, or insecticides as appropriate. May clean and maintain animal housing areas. Includes workers who shear wool from sheep and collect eggs in hatcheries. Illustrative examples: Cattle Brander, Sheep Shearer, Shrimp Pond Laborer
45-2099	Agricultural Workers, All Other	All agricultural workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Crop Scout, Irrigation Worker
45-3031	Fishing and Hunting Workers	Hunt, trap, catch, or gather wild animals or aquatic animals and plants. May use nets, traps, or other equipment. May haul catch onto ship or other vessel. Aquacultural laborers who work on fish farms are included in “Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals” (45-2093). Illustrative examples: Bird Trapper, Deer Hunter, Predatory Animal Trapper, Seaweed Harvester, Wild Oyster Harvester
45-4011	Forest and Conservation Workers	Under supervision, perform manual labor necessary to develop, maintain, or protect areas such as forests, forested areas, woodlands, wetlands, and rangelands through such activities as raising and transporting seedlings; combating insects, pests, and diseases harmful to plant life; and building structures to control water, erosion, and leaching of soil. Includes forester aides, seedling pullers, tree planters, and gatherers of nontimber forestry products such as pine straw. Illustrative examples: Forestry Laborer, Rangelands Conservation Laborer, Reforestation Worker, Wetlands Conservation Laborer
45-4021	Fallers	Use axes or chainsaws to fell trees using knowledge of tree characteristics and cutting techniques to control direction of fall and minimize tree damage. Illustrative examples: Lumberjack, Pulpwood Cutter, Timber Cutter
45-4022	Logging Equipment Operators	Drive logging tractor or wheeled vehicle equipped with one or more accessories, such as bulldozer blade, frontal shear, grapple, logging arch, cable winches, hoisting rack, or crane boom, to fell tree; to skid, load, unload, or stack logs; or to pull stumps or clear brush. Includes operating stand-alone logging machines, such as log chippers. Logging truck drivers are included in “Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers” (53-3032). Illustrative examples: Grapple Skidder Operator, Log Hauler, Logging Tractor Operator, Lumber Stacker Operator
45-4023	Log Graders and Scalers	Grade logs or estimate the marketable content or value of logs or pulpwood in sorting yards, millpond, log deck, or similar locations. Inspect logs for defects or measure logs to determine volume. Excludes “Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products” (13-1021). Illustrative examples: Log Check Scaler, Timber Estimator, Veneer Grader
45-4029	Logging Workers, All Other	All logging workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Log Roper, Rigging Slinger, Timber Hand

47-0000 Construction and Extraction Occupations

47-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of construction or extraction workers. Illustrative examples: Carpenter Supervisor, Quarry Boss, Rig Supervisor, Solar Panel Installation Supervisor
47-2011	Boilermakers	Construct, assemble, maintain, and repair stationary steam boilers and boiler house auxiliaries. Align structures or plate sections to assemble boiler frame tanks or vats, following blueprints. Work involves use of hand and power tools, plumb bobs, levels, wedges, dogs, or turnbuckles. Assist in testing assembled vessels. Direct cleaning of boilers and boiler furnaces. Inspect and repair boiler fittings, such as safety valves, regulators, automatic-control mechanisms, water columns, and auxiliary machines. Illustrative examples: Boiler Installer, Boiler Mechanic, Boiler Tester
47-2021	Brickmasons and Blockmasons	Lay and bind building materials, such as brick, structural tile, concrete block, cinder block, glass block, and terra- cotta block, with mortar and other substances, to construct or repair walls, partitions, arches, sewers, and other structures. Installers of mortarless segmental concrete masonry wall units are classified in “Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers” (37-3011). Excludes “Stonemasons” (47-2022). Illustrative examples: Adobe Layer, Brick Chimney Builder, Refractory Bricklayer
47-2022	Stonemasons	Build stone structures, such as piers, walls, and abutments. Lay walks, curbstones, or special types of masonry for vats, tanks, and floors. Illustrative examples: Curbstone Setter, Granite Setter, Monument Mason
47-2031	Carpenters	Construct, erect, install, or repair structures and fixtures made of wood and comparable materials, such as concrete forms; building frameworks, including partitions, joists, studding, and rafters; and wood stairways, window and door frames, and hardwood floors. May also install cabinets, siding, drywall, and batt or roll insulation. Includes brattice builders who build doors or brattices (ventilation walls or partitions) in underground passageways. Illustrative examples: Building Carpenter, Custom Wood Stair Builder, Wood Floor Layer
47-2041	Carpet Installers	Lay and install carpet from rolls or blocks on floors. Install padding and trim flooring materials. Excludes “Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles” (47-2042). Illustrative examples: Carpet Layer, Wall-to-Wall Carpet Installer
47-2042	Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles	Apply blocks, strips, or sheets of shock-absorbing, sound-deadening, or decorative coverings to floors. Illustrative examples: Composition Floor Layer, Cork Floor Installer, Linoleum Installer, Shock-Absorption Floor Layer
47-2043	Floor Sanders and Finishers	Scrape and sand wooden floors to smooth surfaces using floor scraper and floor sanding machine, and apply coats of finish. Illustrative examples: Floor Sanding Machine Operator, Floor Scraper, Hardwood Finisher
47-2044	Tile and Stone Setters	Apply hard tile, stone, and comparable materials to walls, floors, ceilings, countertops, and roof decks. Illustrative examples: Ceramic Tile Installer, Hard Tile Setter, Marble Ceiling Installer, Parquet Floor Layer
47-2051	Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers	Smooth and finish surfaces of poured concrete, such as floors, walks, sidewalks, roads, or curbs using a variety of hand and power tools. Align forms for sidewalks, curbs, or gutters; patch voids; and use saws to cut expansion joints. Installers of mortarless segmental concrete masonry wall units are classified in “Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers” (37-3011). Illustrative examples: Cement Patcher, Concrete Floor Installer, Concrete Swimming Pool Installer
47-2053	Terrazzo Workers and Finishers	Apply a mixture of cement, sand, pigment, or marble chips to floors, stairways, and cabinet fixtures to fashion durable and decorative surfaces. Illustrative examples: Onyx-Chip Terrazzo Worker, Terrazzo Grinder, Terrazzo Setter
47-2061	Construction Laborers	Perform tasks involving physical labor at construction sites. May operate hand and power tools of all types: air hammers, earth tampers, cement mixers, small mechanical hoists, surveying and measuring equipment, and a variety of other equipment and instruments. May clean and prepare sites, dig trenches, set braces to support the sides of excavations, erect scaffolding, and clean up rubble, debris, and other waste materials. May assist other craft workers. Construction laborers who primarily assist a particular craft worker are classified under “Helpers, Construction Trades” (47-3010). Excludes “Hazardous Materials Removal Workers” (47-4041). Illustrative examples: Air Hammer Operator, Construction Craft Laborer, Construction Trench Digger
47-2071	Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators	Operate equipment used for applying concrete, asphalt, or other materials to road beds, parking lots, or airport runways and taxiways or for tamping gravel, dirt, or other materials. Includes concrete and asphalt paving machine operators, form tampers, tamping machine operators, and stone spreader operators. Illustrative examples: Asphalt Roller Operator, Blacktop-Paver Operator
47-2072	Pile Driver Operators	Operate pile drivers mounted on skids, barges, crawler treads, or locomotive cranes to drive pilings for retaining walls, bulkheads, and foundations of structures such as buildings, bridges, and piers. Illustrative examples: Hydraulic Pile Hammer Operator, Vibratory Pile Driver
47-2073	Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators	Operate one or several types of power construction equipment, such as motor graders, bulldozers, scrapers, compressors, pumps, derricks, shovels, tractors, or front-end loaders to excavate, move, and grade earth, erect structures, or pour concrete or other hard surface pavement. May repair and maintain equipment in addition to other duties. Excludes “Extraction Workers” (47-5000) and “Crane and Tower Operators” (53-7021). Illustrative examples: Construction Bulldozer Operator, Road Grader, Steam Shovel Operator
47-2081	Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers	Apply plasterboard or other wallboard to ceilings or interior walls of buildings. Apply or mount acoustical tiles or blocks, strips, or sheets of shock-absorbing materials to ceilings and walls of buildings to reduce or reflect sound. Materials may be of decorative quality. Includes lathers who fasten wooden, metal, or rockboard lath to walls, ceilings, or partitions of buildings to provide support base for plaster, fireproofing, or acoustical material. Excludes “Carpenters” (47-2031), “Carpet Installers” (47-2041), and “Tile and Stone Setters” (47-2044). Illustrative examples: Acoustical Ceiling Installer, Drywall Finisher, Sheet Rock Hanger
47-2082	Tapers	Seal joints between plasterboard or other wallboard to prepare wall surface for painting or papering. Illustrative examples: Drywall Taper, Sheet Rock Taper, Wall Taper
47-2111	Electricians	Install, maintain, and repair electrical wiring, equipment, and fixtures. Ensure that work is in accordance with relevant codes. May install or service street lights, intercom systems, or electrical control systems. Excludes “Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers” (49-2098). Illustrative examples: Electrical Sign Wirer, Master Electrician, Solar Photovoltaic Electrician
47-2121	Glaziers	Install glass in windows, skylights, store fronts, and display cases, or on surfaces, such as building fronts, interior walls, ceilings, and tabletops. Illustrative examples: Plate Glass Installer, Stained Glass Joiner
47-2131	Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall	Line and cover structures with insulating materials. May work with batt, roll, or blown insulation materials. Illustrative examples: Ceiling Insulation Blower, Composition Weatherboard Installer, Interior Surface Insulation Worker
47-2132	Insulation Workers, Mechanical	Apply insulating materials to pipes or ductwork, or other mechanical systems in order to help control and maintain temperature. Illustrative examples: Boiler Coverer, Pipe Coverer, Pipe Insulator
47-2141	Painters, Construction and Maintenance	Paint walls, equipment, buildings, bridges, and other structural surfaces, using brushes, rollers, and spray guns. May remove old paint to prepare surface prior to painting. May mix colors or oils to obtain desired color or consistency. Excludes “Paperhangers” (47-2142). Illustrative examples: Bridge Painter, House Painter, Traffic Line Painter
47-2142	Paperhangers	Cover interior walls or ceilings of rooms with decorative wallpaper or fabric, or attach advertising posters on surfaces such as walls and billboards. May remove old materials or prepare surfaces to be papered. Illustrative examples: Billboard Poster, Wall Covering Installer, Wallpaperer
47-2151	Pipelayers	Lay pipe for storm or sanitation sewers, drains, and water mains. Perform any combination of the following tasks: grade trenches or culverts, position pipe, or seal joints. Excludes “Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers” (51- 4121). Illustrative examples: Cast-Iron Drain Pipe Layer, Trench Pipe Layer, Water Main Pipe Layer
47-2152	Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	Assemble, install, alter, and repair pipelines or pipe systems that carry water, steam, air, or other liquids or gases. May install heating and cooling equipment and mechanical control systems. Includes sprinkler fitters. Illustrative examples: Fire Sprinkler Installer, Solar Thermal Installer, Sprinkler Fitter
47-2161	Plasterers and Stucco Masons	Apply interior or exterior plaster, cement, stucco, or similar materials. May also set ornamental plaster. Illustrative examples: Ornamental Plasterer, Stucco Worker, Swimming Pool Plasterer
47-2171	Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers	Position and secure steel bars or mesh in concrete forms in order to reinforce concrete. Use a variety of fasteners, rod-bending machines, blowtorches, and hand tools. Includes rod busters. Illustrative examples: Post Tensioning Ironworker, Steel Rod Buster
47-2181	Roofers	Cover roofs of structures with shingles, slate, asphalt, aluminum, wood, or related materials. May spray roofs, sidings, and walls with material to bind, seal, insulate, or soundproof sections of structures. Illustrative examples: Hot Tar Roofer, Shingles Roofer, Terra Cotta Roofer
47-2211	Sheet Metal Workers	Fabricate, assemble, install, and repair sheet metal products and equipment, such as ducts, control boxes, drainpipes, and furnace casings. Work may involve any of the following: setting up and operating fabricating machines to cut, bend, and straighten sheet metal; shaping metal over anvils, blocks, or forms using hammer; operating soldering and welding equipment to join sheet metal parts; or inspecting, assembling, and smoothing seams and joints of burred surfaces. Includes sheet metal duct installers who install prefabricated sheet metal ducts used for heating, air conditioning, or other purposes. Illustrative examples: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Sheet Metal Installer, Sheet Metal Former, Tinsmith
47-2221	Structural Iron and Steel Workers	Raise, place, and unite iron or steel girders, columns, and other structural members to form completed structures or structural frameworks. May erect metal storage tanks and assemble prefabricated metal buildings. Excludes “Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers” (47-2171). Illustrative examples: Bridge Ironworker, Precast Concrete Ironworker, Wind Turbine Erector
47-2231	Solar Photovoltaic Installers	Assemble, install, or maintain solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on roofs or other structures in compliance with site assessment and schematics. May include measuring, cutting, assembling, and bolting structural framing and solar modules. May perform minor electrical work such as current checks. Excludes solar PV electricians who are included in “Electricians” (47-2111) and solar thermal installers who are included in “Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters” (47-2152). Illustrative examples: Photovoltaic (PV) Installation Technician, Solar PV Installer
47-3011	Helpers - Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Tile and Marble Setters	Help brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, or tile and marble setters by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying, or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons or tile and marble setters are classified under “Construction Laborers” (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231). Illustrative examples: Brick Carrier, Brick Washer, Refractory Tile Helper
47-3012	Helpers - Carpenters	Help carpenters by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying, or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist carpenters are classified under “Construction Laborers” (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231). Illustrative examples: Carpenter Assistant, Hardwood Floor Installation Helper
47-3013	Helpers - Electricians	Help electricians by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying, or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist electricians are classified under “Construction Laborers” (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231). Illustrative examples: Marine Electrician Helper, Stage Electrician Helper
47-3014	Helpers - Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco Masons	Help painters, paperhangers, plasterers, or stucco masons by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying, or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist painters, paperhangers, plasterers, or stucco masons are classified under “Construction Laborers” (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231). Illustrative examples: Bridge Painter Helper, Dry Plasterer Helper, Wallpaperer Helper
47-3015	Helpers - Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	Help plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, or pipelayers by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying, or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, or pipelayers are classified under “Construction Laborers” (47- 2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231). Illustrative examples: Industrial Gas Fitter Helper, Marine Pipefitter Helper, Plumber Assistant, Water Main Installer Helper
47-3016	Helpers - Roofers	Help roofers by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include using, supplying, or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Construction laborers who do not primarily assist roofers are classified under “Construction Laborers” (47-2061). Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231). Illustrative examples: Hot Tar Roofer Helper, Shingles Roofer Helper, Slate Roofer Helper, Terra Cotta Roofer Helper
47-3019	Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other	All construction trades helpers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Cellulose Insulation Helper, Drywall Hanger Helper, Rod Buster Helper, Terrazzo Finisher Helper
47-4011	Construction and Building Inspectors	Inspect structures using engineering skills to determine structural soundness and compliance with specifications, building codes, and other regulations. Inspections may be general in nature or may be limited to a specific area, such as electrical systems or plumbing. Illustrative examples: Electrical Inspector, Elevator Inspector, Highway Inspector, Home Inspector
47-4021	Elevator and Escalator Installers and Repairers	Assemble, install, repair, or maintain electric or hydraulic freight or passenger elevators, escalators, or dumbwaiters. Illustrative examples: Elevator Mechanic, Escalator Installer, Hydraulic Elevator Constructor
47-4031	Fence Erectors	Erect and repair fences and fence gates, using hand and power tools. Illustrative examples: Wire Fence Builder, Wood Fence Installer
47-4041	Hazardous Materials Removal Workers	Identify, remove, pack, transport, or dispose of hazardous materials, including asbestos, lead-based paint, waste oil, fuel, transmission fluid, radioactive materials, or contaminated soil. Specialized training and certification in hazardous materials handling or a confined entry permit are generally required. May operate earth-moving equipment or trucks. Illustrative examples: Asbestos Abatement Worker, Decontamination Worker, Irradiated Fuel Handler
47-4051	Highway Maintenance Workers	Maintain highways, municipal and rural roads, airport runways, and rights-of-way. Duties include patching broken or eroded pavement and repairing guard rails, highway markers, and snow fences. May also mow or clear brush from along road, or plow snow from roadway. Excludes “Tree Trimmers and Pruners” (37-3013). Illustrative examples: Road Patcher, Road Sign Installer
47-4061	Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators	Lay, repair, and maintain track for standard or narrow-gauge railroad equipment used in regular railroad service or in plant yards, quarries, sand and gravel pits, and mines. Includes ballast cleaning machine operators and railroad bed tamping machine operators. Illustrative examples: Rail Maintenance Worker, Track Repairer, Track Surfacing Machine Operator
47-4071	Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners	Clean and repair septic tanks, sewer lines, or drains. May patch walls and partitions of tank, replace damaged drain tile, or repair breaks in underground piping. Illustrative examples: Electric Sewer Cleaning Machine Operator, Septic Tank Cleaner, Sewage Screen Operator
47-4091	Segmental Pavers	Lay out, cut, and place segmental paving units. Includes installers of bedding and restraining materials for the paving units. Illustrative examples: Concrete Pavement Installer, Paving Stone Installer
47-4099	Construction and Related Workers, All Other	All construction and related workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Aluminum Pool Installer, Waterproofer
47-5011	Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas	Rig derrick equipment and operate pumps to circulate mud or fluid through drill hole. Illustrative examples: Fracturing Derrick Operator, Rotary Derrick Operator, Well Service Derrick Worker
47-5012	Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas	Set up or operate a variety of drills to remove underground oil and gas, or remove core samples for testing during oil and gas exploration. Excludes “Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas” (47-5023). Illustrative examples: Fracturing Rotary Drill Operator, Oil Well Cable Tool Operator, Oil Well Driller
47-5013	Service Unit Operators, Oil and Gas	Operate equipment to increase oil flow from producing wells or to remove stuck pipe, casing, tools, or other obstructions from drilling wells. Includes fishing-tool technicians. Illustrative examples: Well Servicing Rig Operator
47-5022	Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators, Surface Mining	Operate or tend machinery at surface mining site, equipped with scoops, shovels, or buckets to excavate and load loose materials. Illustrative examples: Mining Bulldozer Operator, Mining Shovel Operator
47-5023	Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas	Operate a variety of drills such as rotary, churn, and pneumatic to tap subsurface water and salt deposits, to remove core samples during mineral exploration or soil testing, and to facilitate the use of explosives in mining or construction. Includes horizontal and earth boring machine operators. Illustrative examples: Blast Hole Driller, Churn Driller, Earth Auger Operator
47-5032	Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters	Place and detonate explosives to demolish structures or to loosen, remove, or displace earth, rock, or other materials. May perform specialized handling, storage, and accounting procedures. Illustrative examples: Blast Setter, Dynamiter, Explosive Technician, Mining Powder Crew Worker
47-5041	Continuous Mining Machine Operators	Operate self-propelled mining machines that rip coal, metal and nonmetal ores, rock, stone, or sand from the mine face and load it onto conveyors, shuttle cars, or trucks in a continuous operation. Illustrative examples: Continuous Mining Machine Lode Miner, Continuous Mining Machine Miner, Self-Propelled Mining Machine Operator
47-5043	Roof Bolters, Mining	Operate machinery to install roof support bolts in underground mine. Illustrative examples: Roof Bolting Coal Miner, Underground Bolting Machine Operator, Underground Roof Bolter
47-5044	Loading and Moving Machine Operators, Underground Mining	Operate underground loading or moving machine to load or move coal, ore, or rock using shuttle or mine car or conveyors. Equipment may include power shovels, hoisting engines equipped with cable-drawn scraper or scoop, or machines equipped with gathering arms and conveyor. Illustrative examples: Coal Hauler Operator, Coke Loader, Mine Shuttle Car Operator, Mobile Bridge Conveyor Operator
47-5049	Underground Mining Machine Operators, All Other	All underground mining machine operators not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Long Wall Operator, Long Wall Shearer, Rock Dust Sprayer, Underground Jumbo Driller
47-5051	Rock Splitters, Quarry	Separate blocks of rough dimension stone from quarry mass using jackhammers, wedges, or chop saws. Illustrative examples: Quarry Chop Saw Operator, Quarry Plug and Feather Driller, Sandstone Splitter
47-5071	Roustabouts, Oil and Gas	Assemble or repair oil field equipment using hand and power tools. Perform other tasks as needed. Illustrative examples: Gas Floorhand, Oil Field Roustabout, Oil Rig Roughneck
47-5081	Helpers - Extraction Workers	Help extraction craft workers, such as earth drillers, blasters and explosives workers, derrick operators, and mining machine operators, by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying equipment or cleaning work area. Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231). Illustrative examples: Blaster Helper, Mining Helper, Roof Bolter Helper
47-5099	Extraction Workers, All Other	All extraction workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Mine Milling Worker, Mine Tailings Worker

49-0000 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations

49-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of mechanics, installers, and repairers. May also advise customers on recommended services. Excludes team or work leaders. Illustrative examples: Automobile Body Repair Supervisor, Fleet Maintenance Supervisor, Railroad Car Repair Supervisor
49-2011	Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	Repair, maintain, or install computers, word processing systems, automated teller machines, and electronic office machines, such as duplicating and fax machines. Illustrative examples: ATM Servicer, Cash Register Servicer, Data Processing Equipment Repairer
49-2021	Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairers	Repair, install, or maintain mobile or stationary radio transmitting, broadcasting, and receiving equipment, and two-way radio communications systems used in cellular telecommunications, mobile broadband, ship-to-shore, aircraft-to-ground communications, and radio equipment in service and emergency vehicles. May test and analyze network coverage. Illustrative examples: Radio Frequency Technician, Radio Mechanic, Two-Way Radio Technician
49-2022	Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	Install, set up, rearrange, or remove switching, distribution, routing, and dialing equipment used in central offices or headends. Service or repair telephone, cable television, Internet, and other communications equipment on customers’ property. May install communications equipment or communications wiring in buildings. Excludes “Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers” (49-9052). Illustrative examples: Fiber Optic Central Office Installer, Private Branch Exchange (PBX ) Installer and Repairer
49-2091	Avionics Technicians	Install, inspect, test, adjust, or repair avionics equipment, such as radar, radio, navigation, and missile control systems in aircraft or space vehicles. Illustrative examples: Aircraft Electrician, Aircraft Instrument Mechanic, Automatic Pilot Mechanic
49-2092	Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers	Repair, maintain, or install electric motors, wiring, or switches. Illustrative examples: Armature Rewinder, Electrical Parts Reconditioner
49-2093	Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment	Install, adjust, or maintain mobile electronics communication equipment, including sound, sonar, security, navigation, and surveillance systems on trains, watercraft, or other mobile equipment. Excludes “Avionics Technicians” (49-2091) and “Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles” (49-2096). Illustrative examples: Locomotive Electrician, Marine Electronics Repairer
49-2094	Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commerical and Industrial Equipment	Repair, test, adjust, or install electronic equipment, such as industrial controls, transmitters, and antennas. Excludes “Avionics Technicians” (49-2091), “Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment” (49-2093), and “Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles” (49-2096). Illustrative examples: Industrial Robotics Mechanic, Missile Pad Mechanic, Public Address System Mechanic
49-2095	Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay	Inspect, test, repair, or maintain electrical equipment in generating stations, substations, and in-service relays. Illustrative examples: Power Transformer Repairer, Powerhouse Electrician, Relay Technician
49-2096	Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles	Install, diagnose, or repair communications, sound, security, or navigation equipment in motor vehicles. Illustrative examples: Automotive Electrician, Car Alarm Installer, Car Stereo Installer, GPS Car Navigation Installer
49-2097	Audiovisual Equipment Installers and Repairers	Install, repair, or adjust audio or television receivers, stereo systems, camcorders, video systems, or other electronic entertainment equipment in homes or other venues. May perform routine maintenance. Excludes “Audio and Video Technicians” (27-4011). Illustrative examples: Electronic Musical Instrument Repairer, Home Theater Installer, Satellite Dish Installer, Wireless Internet Installer
49-2098	Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers	Install, program, maintain, and repair security and fire alarm wiring and equipment. Ensure that work is in accordance with relevant codes. Excludes “Electricians” (47-2111) who do a broad range of electrical wiring. Illustrative examples: Burglar Alarm Installer, Fire Alarm Installer, Home Security Alarm Installer
49-3011	Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul aircraft engines and assemblies, such as hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Excludes “Avionics Technicians” (49-2091). Illustrative examples: Aircraft Engine Specialist, Airframe Mechanic, Flight Test Mechanic, Helicopter Engine Mechanic
49-3021	Automotive Body and Related Repairers	Repair and refinish automotive vehicle bodies and straighten vehicle frames. Excludes “Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers” (49-3022) and “Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders” (51-9124). Illustrative examples: Auto Body Customizer, Auto Bumper Straightener, Truck Body Repairer
49-3022	Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers	Replace or repair broken windshields and window glass in motor vehicles. Illustrative examples: Auto Glass Mechanic, Automotive Glazier, Windshield Installer
49-3023	Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul automotive vehicles. Excludes “Automotive Body and Related Repairers” (49-3021), “Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists” (49-3031), and “Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles” (49-2096). Illustrative examples: Auto Transmission Specialist, Automotive Brake Technician, Automotive Fuel Injection Servicer, Hybrid Car Mechanic
49-3031	Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul buses and trucks, or maintain and repair any type of diesel engines. Includes mechanics working primarily with automobile or marine diesel engines. Illustrative examples: Biodiesel Engine Specialist, Marine Diesel Technician, School Bus Mechanic, Tractor Trailer Mechanic
49-3041	Farm Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul farm machinery and vehicles, such as tractors, harvesters, dairy equipment, and irrigation systems. Excludes “Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists” (49-3031). Illustrative examples: Combine Mechanic, Dairy Equipment Repairer, Irrigation Equipment Mechanic
49-3042	Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul mobile mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic equipment, such as cranes, bulldozers, graders, and conveyors, used in construction, logging, and mining. Excludes “Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists” (49-3031) and “Rail Car Repairers” (49-3043). Illustrative examples: Bulldozer Mechanic, Construction Equipment Mechanic, Forklift Mechanic
49-3043	Rail Car Repairers	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul railroad rolling stock, mine cars, or mass transit rail cars. Excludes “Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists” (49-3031). Illustrative examples: Mine Car Mechanic, Streetcar Repairer, Subway Car Repairer, Trolley Car Overhauler
49-3051	Motorboat Mechanics and Service Technicians	Repair and adjust electrical and mechanical equipment of inboard or inboard-outboard boat engines. Excludes “Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists” (49-3031). Illustrative examples: Certified Marine Mechanic, Outboard Motor Mechanic
49-3052	Motorcycle Mechanics	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, dirt bikes, or similar motorized vehicles. Illustrative examples: All Terrain Vehicle Technician, Motor Scooter Mechanic, Motorcycle Service Technician
49-3053	Outdoor Power Equipment and Other Small Engine Mechanics	Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul small engines used to power lawn mowers, chain saws, recreational sporting equipment, and related equipment. Illustrative examples: Golf Cart Mechanic, Lawn Mower Repairer, Mobility Scooter Repairer, Power Saw Mechanic
49-3091	Bicycle Repairers	Repair and service bicycles. Illustrative examples: Bicycle Mechanic, Bicycle Service Technician
49-3092	Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians	Diagnose, inspect, adjust, repair, or overhaul recreational vehicles including travel trailers. May specialize in maintaining gas, electrical, hydraulic, plumbing, or chassis/towing systems as well as repairing generators, appliances, and interior components. Includes workers who perform customized van conversions. Excludes “Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics” (49-3023) and “Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists” (49-3031) who also work on recreation vehicles. Illustrative examples: Recreational Vehicle (RV) Repairer, RV Mechanic
49-3093	Tire Repairers and Changers	Repair and replace tires. Illustrative examples: Tire Balancer, Tire Fixer
49-9011	Mechanical Door Repairers	Install, service, or repair automatic door mechanisms and hydraulic doors. Includes garage door mechanics. Illustrative examples: Automatic Door Mechanic
49-9012	Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door	Install, repair, and maintain mechanical regulating and controlling devices, such as electric meters, gas regulators, thermostats, safety and flow valves, and other mechanical governors. Illustrative examples: Air Valve Mechanic, Gas Meter Installer, Thermostat Repairer
49-9021	Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers	Install or repair heating, central air conditioning, HVAC, or refrigeration systems, including oil burners, hot-air furnaces, and heating stoves. Illustrative examples: Gas Furnace Installer, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Mechanic, Oil Burner Repairer
49-9031	Home Appliance Repairers	Repair, adjust, or install all types of electric or gas household appliances, such as refrigerators, washers, dryers, and ovens. Illustrative examples: Vacuum Cleaner Repairer, Washing Machine Installer, Window Air Conditioner Installer
49-9041	Industrial Machinery Mechanics	Repair, install, adjust, or maintain industrial production and processing machinery or refinery and pipeline distribution systems. May also install, dismantle, or move machinery and heavy equipment according to plans. Excludes “Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines” (49-3042), and “Maintenance Workers, Machinery” (49-9043). Illustrative examples: Boilerhouse Mechanic, Foundry Equipment Mechanic, Hydroelectric Machinery Mechanic
49-9043	Maintenance Workers, Machinery	Lubricate machinery, change parts, or perform other routine machinery maintenance. Excludes “Maintenance and Repair Workers, General” (49-9071). Illustrative examples: Crane Oiler
49-9044	Millwrights	Install, dismantle, or move machinery and heavy equipment according to layout plans, blueprints, or other drawings. Illustrative examples: Machine Erector, Machinery Dismantler, Maintenance Millwright
49-9045	Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons	Build or repair equipment such as furnaces, kilns, cupolas, boilers, converters, ladles, soaking pits, and ovens, using refractory materials. Illustrative examples: Bondactor Machine Operator, Cupola Repairer, Kiln Door Builder, Ladle Repairer
49-9051	Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	Install or repair cables or wires used in electrical power or distribution systems. May erect poles and light or heavy duty transmission towers. Excludes “Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay” (49-2095). Illustrative examples: Electric Powerline Examiner, Electric Utility Lineworker, Electrical High Tension Tester, Electrical Lineworker
49-9052	Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers	Install and repair telecommunications cable, including fiber optics. Illustrative examples: Cable Television Installer, FIOS Line Installer, Telephone Cable Splicer
49-9061	Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers	Repair and adjust cameras and photographic equipment, including commercial video and motion picture camera equipment. Illustrative examples: Aircraft Photographic Equipment Repairer, Camera Repairer, Photographic Equipment Technician
49-9062	Medical Equipment Repairers	Test, adjust, or repair biomedical or electromedical equipment. Illustrative examples: Biomedical Equipment Technician, Radiology Equipment Servicer, Surgical Instrument Mechanic
49-9063	Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners	Repair percussion, stringed, reed, or wind instruments. May specialize in one area, such as piano tuning. Excludes “Audiovisual Equipment Installers and Repairers" (49-2097) who repair electrical and electronic musical instruments. Illustrative examples: Brass and Wind Instrument Repairer, Piano Tuner, Violin Repairer
49-9064	Watch and Clock Repairers	Repair, clean, and adjust mechanisms of timing instruments, such as watches and clocks. Includes watchmakers, watch technicians, and mechanical timepiece repairers. Excludes "Timing Device Assemblers and Adjusters” (51- 2061). Illustrative examples: Antique Clock Repairer, Clock Repair Technician, Horologist
49-9069	Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers, All Other	All precision instrument and equipment repairers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Gyroscope Repairer, Telescope Repairer
49-9071	Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	Perform work involving the skills of two or more maintenance or craft occupations to keep machines, mechanical equipment, or the structure of a building in repair. Duties may involve pipe fitting; HVAC maintenance; insulating; welding; machining; carpentry; repairing electrical or mechanical equipment; installing, aligning, and balancing new equipment; and repairing buildings, floors, or stairs. Excludes “Facilities Managers” (11-3013) and “Maintenance Workers, Machinery” (49-9043). Illustrative examples: Building Maintenance Mechanic, Facilities Maintenance Worker, General Maintenance Worker
49-9081	Wind Turbine Service Technicians	Inspect, diagnose, adjust, or repair wind turbines. Perform maintenance on wind turbine equipment including resolving electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic malfunctions. Illustrative examples: Wind Energy Technician, Wind Turbine Mechanic
49-9091	Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers	Install, service, adjust, or repair coin, vending, or amusement machines including video games, juke boxes, pinball machines, or slot machines. Illustrative examples: Arcade Games Mechanic, Parking Meter Collector, Slot Machine Mechanic, Vending Machine Filler
49-9092	Commercial Divers	Work below surface of water, using surface-supplied air or scuba equipment to inspect, repair, remove, or install equipment and structures. May use a variety of power and hand tools, such as drills, sledgehammers, torches, and welding equipment. May conduct tests or experiments, rig explosives, or photograph structures or marine life. Excludes “Athletes and Sports Competitors” (27-2021), “Police and Sheriff’s Patrol Officers” (33-3051), and “Fishing and Hunting Workers” (45-3031). Illustrative examples: Marine Diver, Salvage Diver, Scuba Diver, Underwater Welder
49-9094	Locksmiths and Safe Repairers	Repair and open locks, make keys, change locks and safe combinations, and install and repair safes. Illustrative examples: Key Maker, Safe and Vault Installer, Safe and Vault Mechanic
49-9095	Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers	Move or install mobile homes or prefabricated buildings. Illustrative examples: Housetrailer Servicer, Mobile Home Mechanic, Mobile Home Servicer
49-9096	Riggers	Set up or repair rigging for construction projects, manufacturing plants, logging yards, ships and shipyards, or for the entertainment industry. Illustrative examples: Acrobatic Rigger, Crane Rigger, Yard Rigger
49-9097	Signal and Track Switch Repairers	Install, inspect, test, maintain, or repair electric gate crossings, signals, signal equipment, track switches, section lines, or intercommunications systems within a railroad system. Illustrative examples: Light Rail Signal Technician, Rail Signal Mechanic, Third Rail Installer
49-9098	Helpers - Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	Help installation, maintenance, and repair workers in maintenance, parts replacement, and repair of vehicles, industrial machinery, and electrical and electronic equipment. Perform duties such as furnishing tools, materials, and supplies to other workers; cleaning work area, machines, and tools; and holding materials or tools for other workers. Illustrative examples: Automobile Body Repairer Helper, Locksmith Helper, Motorboat Mechanic Helper
49-9099	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers, All Other	All installation, maintenance, and repair workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Bowling Alley Mechanic, Fabric Awning Repairer, Fire Extinguisher Installer, Gasoline Pump Installer, Gunsmith, Parachute Repairer, Sail Repairer

51-0000 Production Occupations

51-1011	First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of production and operating workers, such as inspectors, precision workers, machine setters and operators, assemblers, fabricators, and plant and system operators. Excludes team or work leaders. Illustrative examples: Assembly Line Supervisor, Machinist Supervisor, Printing Worker Supervisor
51-2011	Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers	Assemble, fit, fasten, and install parts of airplanes, space vehicles, or missiles, such as tails, wings, fuselage, bulkheads, stabilizers, landing gear, rigging and control equipment, or heating and ventilating systems. Illustrative examples: Aircraft De-Icer Installer, Aircraft Fuselage Framer, Aircraft Riveter
51-2021	Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers	Wind wire coils used in electrical components, such as resistors and transformers, and in electrical equipment and instruments, such as field cores, bobbins, armature cores, electrical motors, generators, and control equipment. Illustrative examples: Coil Builder, Motor Winder, Wire Coiler
51-2022	Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers	Assemble or modify electrical or electronic equipment, such as computers, test equipment telemetering systems, electric motors, and batteries. Illustrative examples: Anode Builder, Battery Builder, Circuit Board Assembler, Electric Motor Controls Assembler
51-2023	Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers	Assemble or modify electromechanical equipment or devices, such as servomechanisms, gyros, dynamometers, magnetic drums, tape drives, brakes, control linkage, actuators, and appliances. Illustrative examples: Programmable Logic Controller Assembler, Synchronous Motor Assembler, Vacuum Cleaner Assembler, Vending Machine Assembler
51-2031	Engine and Other Machine Assemblers	Construct, assemble, or rebuild machines, such as engines, turbines, and similar equipment used in such industries as construction, extraction, textiles, and paper manufacturing. Illustrative examples: Gas Turbine Assembler, Machine Builder, Steam Turbine Assembler
51-2041	Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters	Fabricate, position, align, and fit parts of structural metal products. Shipfitters are included in “Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic” (51-4192). Illustrative examples: Mill Beam Fitter, Protector Plate Attacher
51-2051	Fiberglass Laminators and Fabricators	Laminate layers of fiberglass on molds to form boat decks and hulls, bodies for golf carts, automobiles, or other products. Illustrative examples: Fiberglass Boat Builder, Fiberglass Ski Maker
51-2061	Timing Device Assemblers and Adjusters	Perform precision assembling or adjusting, within narrow tolerances, of timing devices such as digital clocks or timing devices with electrical or electronic components. Watchmakers are included in “Watch and Clock Repairers” (49-9064). Illustrative examples: Digital Watch Assembler, Electrical Timing Device Adjuster, Marine Chronometer Assembler
51-2092	Team Assemblers	Work as part of a team having responsibility for assembling an entire product or component of a product. Team assemblers can perform all tasks conducted by the team in the assembly process and rotate through all or most of them, rather than being assigned to a specific task on a permanent basis. May participate in making management decisions affecting the work. Includes team leaders who work as part of the team. Assemblers who continuously perform the same task are classified elsewhere in 51-2000. Illustrative examples: Lead Team Assembler, Team Assembly Line Machine Operator, Team Automobile Assembler
51-2099	Assemblers and Fabricators, All Other	All assemblers and fabricators not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Air Bag Builder, Crate Builder, Doll Maker
51-3011	Bakers	Mix and bake ingredients to produce breads, rolls, cookies, cakes, pies, pastries, or other baked goods. Pastry chefs in restaurants and hotels are included with “Chefs and Head Cooks” (35-1011). Illustrative examples: Bagel Maker, Bread Baker, Pastry Finisher
51-3021	Butchers and Meat Cutters	Cut, trim, or prepare consumer-sized portions of meat for use or sale in retail establishments. Illustrative examples: Butcher Apprentice, Kosher Butcher, Meat Carver, Meat Counter Worker
51-3022	Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers	Use hands or hand tools to perform routine cutting and trimming of meat, poultry, and seafood. Illustrative examples: Fish Filleter, Oyster Shucker, Poultry Eviscerator, Shrimp Picker
51-3023	Slaughterers and Meat Packers	Perform nonroutine or precision functions involving the preparation of large portions of meat. Work may include specialized slaughtering tasks, cutting standard or premium cuts of meat for marketing, making sausage, or wrapping meats. Work typically occurs in slaughtering, meat packing, or wholesale establishments. Excludes “Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers” (51-3022) who perform routine meat cutting. Illustrative examples: Halal Meat Packer, Poultry Slaughterer, Shochet
51-3091	Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend food or tobacco roasting, baking, or drying equipment, including hearth ovens, kiln driers, roasters, char kilns, and vacuum drying equipment. Illustrative examples: Coffee Roaster, Fish Smoker, Meat Curer, Smokehouse Worker
51-3092	Food Batchmakers	Set up and operate equipment that mixes or blends ingredients used in the manufacturing of food products. Includes candy makers and cheese makers. Illustrative examples: Frozen Yogurt Maker, Honey Blender, Peanut Butter Maker
51-3093	Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend cooking equipment, such as steam cooking vats, deep fry cookers, pressure cookers, kettles, and boilers, to prepare food products. Excludes “Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Tenders” (51-3091). Illustrative examples: Doughnut Machine Operator, Dumpling Machine Operator, Potato Chip Frier
51-3099	Food Processing Workers, All Other	All food processing workers not listed separately Illustrative examples: Olive Pitter, Poultry Hanger, Yeast Maker
51-4021	Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend machines to extrude or draw thermoplastic or metal materials into tubes, rods, hoses, wire, bars, or structural shapes. Illustrative examples: Wire Drawing Machine Tender
51-4022	Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend forging machines to taper, shape, or form metal or plastic parts. Illustrative examples: Cold Header Operator, Forging Roll Operator, Spike Machine Operator, Swager Operator
51-4023	Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend machines to roll steel or plastic forming bends, beads, knurls, rolls, or plate, or to flatten, temper, or reduce gauge of material. Illustrative examples: Brass Roller, Forming Roll Operator, Plastic Straightening Roll Operator, Steel Roller
51-4031	Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend machines to saw, cut, shear, slit, punch, crimp, notch, bend, or straighten metal or plastic material. Illustrative examples: Crimping Machine Operator for Metal, Metal Punch Press Operator, Metal Slitter
51-4032	Drilling and Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend drilling machines to drill, bore, ream, mill, or countersink metal or plastic work pieces. Illustrative examples: Boring Mill Operator for Metal, Drill Press Operator for Metal, Radial Drill Press Operator for Plastic
51-4033	Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend grinding and related tools that remove excess material or burrs from surfaces, sharpen edges or corners, or buff, hone, or polish metal or plastic work pieces. Illustrative examples: Aluminum Polisher, Jewel Bearing Facer, Metal Grinder, Tool Polishing Machine Operator
51-4034	Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend lathe and turning machines to turn, bore, thread, form, or face metal or plastic materials, such as wire, rod, or bar stock. Illustrative examples: Engine Lathe Operator, Gear Cutter, Screw Machine Operator
51-4035	Milling and Planing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend milling or planing machines to mill, plane, shape, groove, or profile metal or plastic work pieces. Illustrative examples: Metal Milling Machine Operator, Plastic Thread Milling Machine Setup Operator
51-4041	Machinists	Set up and operate a variety of machine tools to produce precision parts and instruments out of metal. Includes precision instrument makers who fabricate, modify, or repair mechanical instruments. May also fabricate and modify parts to make or repair machine tools or maintain industrial machines, applying knowledge of mechanics, mathematics, metal properties, layout, and machining procedures. Machinists who primarily program or operate computer numerically controlled (CNC) equipment are classified in “Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators and Programmers” (51-9160). Illustrative examples: Automotive Machinist, Gear Machinist, Production Machinist
51-4051	Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend furnaces, such as gas, oil, coal, electric-arc or electric induction, open-hearth, or oxygen furnaces, to melt and refine metal before casting or to produce specified types of steel. Excludes “Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic” (51-4191). Illustrative examples: Electric Arc Furnace Operator, Smelter Operator
51-4052	Pourers and Casters, Metal	Operate hand-controlled mechanisms to pour and regulate the flow of molten metal into molds to produce castings or ingots. Illustrative examples: Ingot Caster, Molten Iron Pourer, Steel Pourer
51-4061	Model Makers, Metal and Plastic	Set up and operate machines, such as lathes, milling and engraving machines, and jig borers to make working models of metal or plastic objects. Includes template makers. Illustrative examples: Metal Mockup Maker, Plastic Jig and Fixture Builder
51-4062	Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic	Lay out, machine, fit, and assemble castings and parts to metal or plastic foundry patterns, core boxes, or match plates.
51-4071	Foundry Mold and Coremakers	Make or form wax or sand cores or molds used in the production of metal castings in foundries. Excludes “Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic” (51-4072) and “Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic” (51-9195). Illustrative examples: Airset Caster, Green Sand Molder, Wax Pattern Coater
51-4072	Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend metal or plastic molding, casting, or coremaking machines to mold or cast metal or thermoplastic parts or products. Illustrative examples: Aluminum Molding Machine Operator, Blow Mold Operator, Plastic Cup Fabricating Machine Operator
51-4081	Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend more than one type of cutting or forming machine tool or robot. Illustrative examples: Combination Machine Tool Operator, Multi-operation Forming Machine Setter
51-4111	Tool and Die Makers	Analyze specifications, lay out metal stock, set up and operate machine tools, and fit and assemble parts to make and repair dies, cutting tools, jigs, fixtures, gauges, and machinists’ hand tools. Illustrative examples: Jig Bore Tool Maker, Metal Die Finisher, Metal Gauge Maker
51-4121	Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers	Use hand-welding, flame-cutting, hand-soldering, or brazing equipment to weld or join metal components or to fill holes, indentations, or seams of fabricated metal products. Illustrative examples: Arc Welder, Cutting Torch Operator, Pipe Welder, Silver Solderer
51-4122	Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend welding, soldering, or brazing machines or robots that weld, braze, solder, or heat treat metal products, components, or assemblies. Includes workers who operate laser cutters or laser-beam machines. Illustrative examples: Electron Beam Welder Setter, Ultrasonic Welding Machine Operator
51-4191	Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend heating equipment, such as heat-treating furnaces, flame-hardening machines, induction machines, soaking pits, or vacuum equipment to temper, harden, anneal, or heat treat metal or plastic objects. Illustrative examples: Annealing Furnace Operator, Induction Machine Setter, Wire Temperer
51-4192	Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic	Lay out reference points and dimensions on metal or plastic stock or workpieces, such as sheets, plates, tubes, structural shapes, castings, or machine parts, for further processing. Includes shipfitters. Illustrative examples: Shipfitter Apprentice
51-4193	Plating Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	Set up, operate, or tend plating machines to coat metal or plastic products with chromium, zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, or other metal to protect or decorate surfaces. Typically, the product being coated is immersed in molten metal or an electrolytic solution. Excludes “Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders” (51-9124). Illustrative examples: Anodizer, Galvanizer, Nickel Plater
51-4194	Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners	Perform precision smoothing, sharpening, polishing, or grinding of metal objects. Illustrative examples: Tool Grinding Machine Operator
51-4199	Metal Workers and Plastic Workers, All Other	All metal workers and plastic workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Electrical Discharge Machine Setup Operator, Metal Rivet Machine Operator, Tin Recovery Worker
51-5111	Prepress Technicians and Workers	Format and proof text and images submitted by designers and clients into finished pages that can be printed. Includes digital and photo typesetting. May produce printing plates. Illustrative examples: Digital Proofing and Platemaker, Photoengraver, Plate Mounter
51-5112	Printing Press Operators	Set up and operate digital, letterpress, lithographic, flexographic, gravure, or other printing machines. Includes short-run offset printing presses. Illustrative examples: Gravure Press Operator, Offset Press Operator, Web Press Operator
51-5113	Print Binding and Finishing Workers	Bind books and other publications or finish printed products by hand or machine. May set up binding and finishing machines. Illustrative examples: Bookbinder, Bookbinding Machine Operator
51-6011	Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers	Operate or tend washing or dry-cleaning machines to wash or dry-clean industrial or household articles, such as cloth garments, suede, leather, furs, blankets, draperies, linens, rugs, and carpets. Includes spotters and dyers of these articles. Illustrative examples: Laundry Attendant, Laundry Equipment Operator, Laundry Sorter
51-6021	Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials	Press or shape articles by hand or machine. Illustrative examples: Clothes Ironer, Pants Presser, Wool Presser
51-6031	Sewing Machine Operators	Operate or tend sewing machines to join, reinforce, decorate, or perform related sewing operations in the manufacture of garment or nongarment products. Illustrative examples: Blind Stitch Machine Operator, Button Sewing Machine Operator, Custom T-Shirt Embroidery Machine Operator
51-6041	Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers	Construct, decorate, or repair leather and leather-like products, such as luggage, shoes, and saddles. May use hand tools. Illustrative examples: Cobbler, Saddle Maker, Shoe Repairer, Shoemaker
51-6042	Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend a variety of machines to join, decorate, reinforce, or finish shoes and shoe parts. Illustrative examples: Arch Cushion Press Operator, Lasting Machine Operator, Rasper Machine Operator
51-6051	Sewers, Hand	Sew, join, reinforce, or finish, usually with needle and thread, a variety of manufactured items. Includes weavers and stitchers. Illustrative examples: Hand Quilter, Hand Stitcher
51-6052	Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers	Design, make, alter, repair, or fit garments. Illustrative examples: Alterations Tailor, Coat Maker, Vest Maker
51-6061	Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend machines to bleach, shrink, wash, dye, or finish textiles or synthetic or glass fibers. Illustrative examples: Cloth Dyer, Rug Dyer, Skein Yarn Dyer
51-6062	Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut textiles. Illustrative examples: Canvas Cutter, Industrial Fabric Cutter, Welt Trimming Machine Operator
51-6063	Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines that knit, loop, weave, or draw in textiles. Excludes “Sewing Machine Operators” (51-6031). Illustrative examples: Crochet Machine Operator, Jacquard Loom Weaver, Looping Machine Operator
51-6064	Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines that wind or twist textiles; or draw out and combine sliver, such as wool, hemp, or synthetic fibers. Includes slubber machine and drawing frame operators. Illustrative examples: Rope Machine Setter, Silk Winding Machine Operator
51-6091	Extruding and Forming Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and Glass Fibers	Set up, operate, or tend machines that extrude and form continuous filaments from synthetic materials, such as liquid polymer, rayon, and fiberglass. Illustrative examples: Fiber Machine Tender, Synthetic Filament Extruder
51-6092	Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers	Draw and construct sets of precision master fabric patterns or layouts. May also mark and cut fabrics and apparel. Illustrative examples: Clothing Patternmaker, Embroidery Patternmaker, Fabric Pattern Grader
51-6093	Upholsterers	Make, repair, or replace upholstery for household furniture or transportation vehicles. Illustrative examples: Aircraft Seat Upholsterer, Furniture Upholsterer
51-6099	Textile, Apparel, and Furnishings Workers, All Other	All textile, apparel, and furnishings workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Apparel Embroidery Digitizer, Feltmaker, Hat Blocking Machine Operator
51-7011	Cabinetmakers and Bench Carpenters	Cut, shape, and assemble wooden articles or set up and operate a variety of woodworking machines, such as power saws, jointers, and mortisers to surface, cut, or shape lumber or to fabricate parts for wood products. Excludes “Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders” (51-7040). Illustrative examples: Cabinet Builder, Marquetry Worker, Wood Furniture Assembler
51-7021	Furniture Finishers	Shape, finish, and refinish damaged, worn, or used furniture or new high-grade furniture to specified color or finish. Illustrative examples: Furniture Sander, Piano Refinisher, Wood Cabinet Finisher
51-7031	Model Makers, Wood	Construct full-size and scale wooden precision models of products. Includes wood jig builders and loft workers. Illustrative examples: Architectural Wood Model Maker
51-7032	Patternmakers, Wood	Plan, lay out, and construct wooden unit or sectional patterns used in forming sand molds for castings. Illustrative examples: Wood Die Maker
51-7041	Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood	Set up, operate, or tend wood sawing machines. May operate computer numerically controlled (CNC) equipment. Includes lead sawyers. Workers who primarily program or operate CNC equipment are classified in “Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators and Programmers” (51-9160). Illustrative examples: Buzzsaw Operator, Circle Saw Operator, Rip Saw Operator, Trim Saw Operator
51-7042	Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing	Set up, operate, or tend woodworking machines, such as drill presses, lathes, shapers, routers, sanders, planers, and wood nailing machines. May operate computer numerically controlled (CNC) equipment. Workers who primarily program or operate CNC equipment are classified in “Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators and Programmers” (51-9160). Illustrative examples: Wood Dowel Machine Operator, Wood Lathe Operator, Wood Planer
51-7099	Woodworkers, All Other	All woodworkers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Pole Framer, Wood Carver, Wood Casket Assembler
51-8011	Nuclear Power Reactor Operators	Operate or control nuclear reactors. Move control rods, start and stop equipment, monitor and adjust controls, and record data in logs. Implement emergency procedures when needed. May respond to abnormalities, determine cause, and recommend corrective action. Illustrative examples: Nuclear Control Room Operator, Nuclear Reactor Operator, Nuclear Station Operator
51-8012	Power Distributors and Dispatchers	Coordinate, regulate, or distribute electricity or steam. Illustrative examples: Steam Plant Control Room Operator, Substation Operator
51-8013	Power Plant Operators	Control, operate, or maintain machinery to generate electric power. Includes auxiliary equipment operators. Excludes “Nuclear Power Reactor Operators” (51-8011). Illustrative examples: Hydroelectric Plant Operator, Powerhouse Operator
51-8021	Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators	Operate or maintain stationary engines, boilers, or other mechanical equipment to provide utilities for buildings or industrial processes. Operate equipment such as steam engines, generators, motors, turbines, and steam boilers. Illustrative examples: Boiler Engineer, Boiler Room Operator, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Mechanic Boiler Operator
51-8031	Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators	Operate or control an entire process or system of machines, often through the use of control boards, to transfer or treat water or wastewater. Illustrative examples: Liquid Waste Treatment Plant Operator, Sewage Plant Operator
51-8091	Chemical Plant and System Operators	Control or operate entire chemical processes or system of machines. Illustrative examples: Nitric Acid Plant Operator, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Machine Operator
51-8092	Gas Plant Operators	Distribute or process gas for utility companies and others by controlling compressors to maintain specified pressures on main pipelines. Illustrative examples: Gas Controller, Gas Plant Dispatcher
51-8093	Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers	Operate or control petroleum refining or processing units. May specialize in controlling manifold and pumping systems, gauging or testing oil in storage tanks, or regulating the flow of oil into pipelines. Illustrative examples: Hydrotreater Operator, Oil Pipeline Operator, Oil Refiner
51-8099	Plant and System Operators, All Other	All plant and system operators not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Asphalt Plant Operator, Concrete Batch Plant Operator, Lime Filter Operator
51-9011	Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend equipment to control chemical changes or reactions in the processing of industrial or consumer products. Equipment used includes devulcanizers, steam-jacketed kettles, and reactor vessels. Excludes “Chemical Plant and System Operators” (51-8091). Illustrative examples: Acid Purification Equipment Operator, Chemical Process Equipment Operator
51-9012	Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend continuous flow or vat-type equipment; filter presses; shaker screens; centrifuges; condenser tubes; precipitating, fermenting, or evaporating tanks; scrubbing towers; or batch stills. These machines extract, sort, or separate liquids, gases, or solids from other materials to recover a refined product. Includes dairy processing equipment operators. Excludes “Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders” (51- 9011). Illustrative examples: Brewmaster, Fermentation Operator, Pasteurizer
51-9021	Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines to crush, grind, or polish materials, such as coal, glass, grain, stone, food, or rubber. Illustrative examples: Beveling and Edging Machine Operator, Industrial Coffee Grinder, Marble and Granite Polisher, Pulverizer Operator
51-9022	Grinding and Polishing Workers, Hand	Grind, sand, or polish, using hand tools or hand-held power tools, a variety of metal, wood, stone, clay, plastic, or glass objects. Includes chippers, buffers, and finishers. Illustrative examples: Hand Buffer, Hand Sander, Jewelry Polisher, Knife Grinder
51-9023	Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines to mix or blend materials, such as chemicals, tobacco, liquids, color pigments, or explosive ingredients. Excludes “Food Batchmakers” (51-3092). Illustrative examples: Asphalt Blender, Clay Mixer, Ink Blender
51-9031	Cutters and Trimmers, Hand	Use hand tools or hand-held power tools to cut and trim a variety of manufactured items, such as carpet, fabric, stone, glass, or rubber. Illustrative examples: Fur Trimmer, Hand Cloth Cutter
51-9032	Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut or slice materials, such as glass, stone, cork, rubber, tobacco, food, paper, or insulating material. Excludes “Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic” (51-4031), “Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders” (51-6062), and “Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders” (51-7040). Illustrative examples: Glass Cutting Machine Operator, Insulation Cutter, Rubber Trimmer
51-9041	Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend machines, such as glass-forming machines, plodder machines, and tuber machines, to shape and form products such as glassware, food, rubber, soap, brick, tile, clay, wax, tobacco, or cosmetics. Excludes “Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders” (51-6042) and “Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders” (51-9196). Illustrative examples: Brick Maker, Rubber Extrusion Operator, Sugar Presser
51-9051	Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend heating equipment other than basic metal, plastic, or food processing equipment. Includes activities such as annealing glass, drying lumber, curing rubber, removing moisture from materials, or boiling soap. Illustrative examples: Lime Kiln Operator, Lumber Kiln Operator, Rubber Curer
51-9061	Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	Inspect, test, sort, sample, or weigh nonagricultural raw materials or processed, machined, fabricated, or assembled parts or products for defects, wear, and deviations from specifications. May use precision measuring instruments and complex test equipment. Illustrative examples: Machined Parts Quality Inspector, Petroleum Sampler
51-9071	Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers	Design, fabricate, adjust, repair, or appraise jewelry, gold, silver, other precious metals, or gems. Includes diamond polishers and gem cutters, and persons who perform precision casting and modeling of molds, casting metal in molds, or setting precious and semiprecious stones for jewelry and related products. Illustrative examples: Diamond Setter, Gemologist, Goldsmith
51-9081	Dental Laboratory Technicians	Construct and repair full or partial dentures or dental appliances. Excludes “Dental Assistants” (31-9091). Illustrative examples: Crown and Bridge Technician, Dental Ceramist, Orthodontic Technician
51-9082	Medical Appliance Technicians	Construct, maintain, or repair medical supportive devices such as braces, orthotics and prosthetic devices, joints, arch supports, and other surgical and medical appliances. Illustrative examples: Brace Maker, Manufacturing Orthopedic Technologist, Orthotics Technician, Prosthetics Technician
51-9083	Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians	Cut, grind, and polish eyeglasses, contact lenses, or other precision optical elements. Assemble and mount lenses into frames or process other optical elements. Includes precision lens polishers or grinders, centerer-edgers, and lens mounters. Excludes “Opticians, Dispensing ” (29-2081). Illustrative examples: Eyeglass Maker, Lens Grinder, Precision Lens Centerer and Edger
51-9111	Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend machines to prepare industrial or consumer products for storage or shipment. Includes cannery workers who pack food products. Illustrative examples: Bottle Capper, Keg Filler, Potato Chip Packaging Machine Operator
51-9123	Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers	Paint, coat, or decorate articles, such as furniture, glass, plateware, pottery, jewelry, toys, books, or leather. Excludes “Artists and Related Workers" (27-1010), “Designers” (27-1020), “Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators” (51-9151), and “Etchers and Engravers” (51-9194). Illustrative examples: Ceramic Painter, China Decorator, Sign Painter
51-9124	Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend spraying or rolling machines to coat or paint any of a wide variety of products, including glassware, cloth, ceramics, metal, plastic, paper, or wood, with lacquer, silver, copper, rubber, varnish, glaze, enamel, oil, or rust-proofing materials. Includes painters of transportation vehicles such as painters in auto body repair facilities. Excludes “Plating Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic” (51-4193). Illustrative examples: Auto Painter, Electrostatic Paint Operator, Lacquer Spray Booth Operator, Railroad Car Painter
51-9141	Semiconductor Processing Technicians	Perform any or all of the following functions in the manufacture of electronic semiconductors: load semiconductor material into furnace; saw formed ingots into segments; load individual segment into crystal growing chamber and monitor controls; locate crystal axis in ingot using x-ray equipment and saw ingots into wafers; and clean, polish, and load wafers into series of special purpose furnaces, chemical baths, and equipment used to form circuitry and change conductive properties. Illustrative examples: Electronic Semiconductor Processor, Semiconductor Assembler, Wafer Fabricator
51-9151	Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators	Perform work involved in developing and processing photographic images from film or digital media. May perform precision tasks such as editing photographic negatives and prints. Illustrative examples: Digital Photo Printer, Photo Lab Specialist, Photo Retoucher
51-9161	Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators	Operate computer-controlled tools, machines, or robots to machine or process parts, tools, or other work pieces made of metal, plastic, wood, stone, or other materials. May also set up and maintain equipment. Illustrative examples: Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) Machinist, Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) Milling Machine Operator, Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) Shot Peening Operator, Jig Boring Machine Operator, Welding Robot Operator
51-9162	Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Programmers	Develop programs to control machining or processing of materials by automatic machine tools, equipment, or systems. May also set up, operate, or maintain equipment. Illustrative examples: Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) Programmer, Numerical Control Programmer, Numerical Tool Programmer
51-9191	Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend bonding machines that use adhesives to join items for further processing or to form a completed product. Processes include joining veneer sheets into plywood; gluing paper; or joining rubber and rubberized fabric parts, plastic, simulated leather, or other materials. Excludes “Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders” (51- 6042). Illustrative examples: Glue Line Operator, Glue Reel Operator, Paper Gluing Operator
51-9192	Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend machines to wash or clean products, such as barrels or kegs, glass items, tin plate, food, pulp, coal, plastic, or rubber, to remove impurities. Illustrative examples: Acid Dipper, Degreaser Operator, Immersion Metal Cleaner
51-9193	Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders	Operate or tend equipment such as cooling and freezing units, refrigerators, batch freezers, and freezing tunnels, to cool or freeze products, food, blood plasma, and chemicals. Illustrative examples: Chiller Tender, Refrigerating Machine Operator
51-9194	Etchers and Engravers	Engrave or etch metal, wood, rubber, or other materials. Includes such workers as etcher-circuit processors, pantograph engravers, and silk screen etchers. Photoengravers are included in “Prepress Technicians and Workers” (51-5111). Illustrative examples: Glass Etcher, Metal Engraver
51-9195	Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic	Mold, shape, form, cast, or carve products such as food products, figurines, tile, pipes, and candles consisting of clay, glass, plaster, concrete, stone, or combinations of materials. Illustrative examples: Cigar Roller, Glass Blower, Neon Tube Bender
51-9196	Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	Set up, operate, or tend paper goods machines that perform a variety of functions, such as converting, sawing, corrugating, banding, wrapping, boxing, stitching, forming, or sealing paper or paperboard sheets into products. Illustrative examples: Box Fabricator, Carton Making Machine Operator, Corrugator Operator
51-9197	Tire Builders	Operate machines to build tires. Illustrative examples: Auto Tire Recapper, Retreader, Tire Molder
51-9198	Helpers - Production Workers	Help production workers by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Apprentice workers are classified in the appropriate production occupations (51-0000). Illustrative examples: Blending Tank Helper, Commercial Baker Helper, Welder Helper
51-9199	Production Workers, All Other	All production workers not listed separately. Excludes “Packers and Packagers, Hand” (53-7064).

53-0000 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations

53-1041	Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors	Supervise and coordinate the activities of ground crew in the loading, unloading, securing, and staging of aircraft cargo or baggage. May determine the quantity and orientation of cargo and compute aircraft center of gravity. May accompany aircraft as member of flight crew and monitor and handle cargo in flight, and assist and brief passengers on safety and emergency procedures. Includes loadmasters. Illustrative examples: Air Cargo Ground Crew Supervisor, Air Cargo Ground Operations Supervisor, Airport Ramp Supervisor
53-1042	First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand	Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of helpers, laborers, or material movers, hand. Illustrative examples: Material Handling Crew Supervisor, Warehouse Supervisor
53-1043	First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	Directly supervise and coordinate activities of material-moving machine and vehicle operators and helpers. Illustrative examples: Crane Crew Supervisor, Truck Driver Supervisor
53-1044	First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants	Supervise and coordinate activities of passenger attendants. Includes supervisors of “Flight Attendants” (53-2031). Illustrative examples: Chief Ship Steward, Flight Service Manager
53-1049	First-Line Supervisors of Transportation Workers, All Other	All first-line supervisors of transportation workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Gas Station Supervisor
53-2011	Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers	Pilot and navigate the flight of fixed-wing aircraft, usually on scheduled air carrier routes, for the transport of passengers and cargo. Requires Federal Air Transport certificate and rating for specific aircraft type used. Includes regional, national, and international airline pilots and flight instructors of airline pilots. Excludes “Electro- Mechanical and Mechatronics Technologists and Technicians” (17-3024). Illustrative examples: Airline Captain, Airline Pilot In Command, Charter Pilot (Air Transport Pilot Certificate Required), Charter Pilot (Airline)
53-2012	Commercial Pilots	Pilot and navigate the flight of fixed-wing aircraft on nonscheduled air carrier routes, or helicopters. Requires Commercial Pilot certificate. Includes charter pilots with similar certification, and air ambulance and air tour pilots. Excludes regional, national, and international airline pilots. Excludes “Electro-Mechanical and Mechatronics Technologists and Technicians” (17-3024). Illustrative examples: Aerial Crop Duster, Charter Pilot (Commercial Pilot Certificate Required), Flight Instructor (Commercial Pilots), Helicopter Pilot
53-2021	Air Traffic Controllers	Control air traffic on and within vicinity of airport, and movement of air traffic between altitude sectors and control centers, according to established procedures and policies. Authorize, regulate, and control commercial airline flights according to government or company regulations to expedite and ensure flight safety. Illustrative examples: Air Traffic Control Operator, Control Tower Operator, Enroute Controller
53-2022	Airfield Operations Specialists	Ensure the safe takeoff and landing of commercial and military aircraft. Duties include coordination between air- traffic control and maintenance personnel, dispatching, using airfield landing and navigational aids, implementing airfield safety procedures, monitoring and maintaining flight records, and applying knowledge of weather information. Illustrative examples: Aviation Operations Specialist, Flight Operations Coordinator
53-2031	Flight Attendants	Monitor safety of the aircraft cabin. Provide services to airline passengers, explain safety information, serve food and beverages, and respond to emergency incidents. Illustrative examples: Airline Flight Attendant, Airplane Flight Attendant
53-3011	Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians	Drive ambulance or assist ambulance driver in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons. Assist in lifting patients. Illustrative examples: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Driver
53-3031	Driver/Sales Workers	Drive truck or other vehicle over established routes or within an established territory and sell or deliver goods, such as food products, including restaurant take-out items, or pick up or deliver items such as commercial laundry. May also take orders, collect payment, or stock merchandise at point of delivery. Excludes “Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers” (49-9091) and “Light Truck Drivers” (53-3033). Illustrative examples: Newspaper Delivery Driver, Pizza Delivery Driver, Route Salesperson
53-3032	Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	Drive a tractor-trailer combination or a truck with a capacity of at least 26,001 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW). May be required to unload truck. Requires commercial drivers’ license. Includes tow truck drivers. Excludes “Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors” (53-7081). Illustrative examples: Auto Carrier Driver, Cement Truck Driver, Dump Truck Driver, Garbage Truck Driver
53-3033	Light Truck Drivers	Drive a light vehicle, such as a truck or van, with a capacity of less than 26,001 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), primarily to pick up merchandise or packages from a distribution center and deliver. May load and unload vehicle. Excludes “Couriers and Messengers” (43-5021) and “Driver/Sales Workers” (53-3031). Illustrative examples: Grocery Light Truck Driver, Parcel Truck Driver
53-3051	Bus Drivers, School	Drive a school bus to transport students. Ensure adherence to safety rules. May assist students in boarding or exiting. Illustrative examples: School Bus Operator, Special Education Bus Driver
53-3052	Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity	Drive bus or motor coach, including regular route operations, charters, and private carriage. May assist passengers with baggage. May collect fares or tickets. Illustrative examples: Motor Coach Bus Driver, Public Transit Bus Driver
53-3053	Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs	Drive a motor vehicle to transport passengers on a planned or scheduled basis. May collect a fare. Includes nonemergency medical transporters and hearse drivers. Excludes “Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians” (53-3011) and “Taxi Drivers” (53-3054). Illustrative examples: Airport Shuttle Driver, Courtesy Van Driver, Hotel Shuttle Driver, Nonemergency Medical Transporter
53-3054	Taxi Drivers	Drive a motor vehicle to transport passengers on an unplanned basis and charge a fare, usually based on a meter. Excludes “Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs” (53-3053). Illustrative examples: Cab Driver, Rideshare Cab Driver
53-3099	Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other	All motor vehicle operators not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Ice-Resurfacing Machine Operators, Motorcycle Deliverer, Street Cleaning Equipment Operator
53-4011	Locomotive Engineers	Drive electric, diesel-electric, steam, or gas-turbine-electric locomotives to transport passengers or freight. Interpret train orders, electronic or manual signals, and railroad rules and regulations. Excludes “Engineers” (17- 2011 through 17-2199). Illustrative examples: Railroad Engineer, Train Engineer
53-4013	Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, and Hostlers	Drive switching or other locomotive or dinkey engines within railroad yard, industrial plant, quarry, construction project, or similar location. Illustrative examples: Coal Tram Driver, Railcar Switcher
53-4022	Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators and Locomotive Firers	Operate or monitor railroad track switches or locomotive instruments. May couple or uncouple rolling stock to make up or break up trains. Watch for and relay traffic signals. May inspect couplings, air hoses, journal boxes, and hand brakes. May watch for dragging equipment or obstacles on rights-of-way. Illustrative examples: Diesel Locomotive Firer, Dinkey Engine Firer, Railway Switch Operator, Switch Coupler, Train Brake Operator
53-4031	Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters	Coordinate activities of switch-engine crew within railroad yard, industrial plant, or similar location. Conductors coordinate activities of train crew on passenger or freight trains. Yardmasters review train schedules and switching orders and coordinate activities of workers engaged in railroad traffic operations, such as the makeup or breakup of trains and yard switching. Illustrative examples: Freight Conductor, Yard Conductor
53-4041	Subway and Streetcar Operators	Operate subway or elevated suburban trains with no separate locomotive, or electric-powered streetcar, to transport passengers. May handle fares. Illustrative examples: Light Rail Transit Operator, Tram Operator, Trolley Car Operator
53-4099	Rail Transportation Workers, All Other	All rail transportation workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Railway Equipment Operator, Retarder Operator, Transfer Table Operator
53-5011	Sailors and Marine Oilers	Stand watch to look for obstructions in path of vessel, measure water depth, turn wheel on bridge, or use emergency equipment as directed by captain, mate, or pilot. Break out, rig, overhaul, and store cargo-handling gear, stationary rigging, and running gear. Perform a variety of maintenance tasks to preserve the painted surface of the ship and to maintain line and ship equipment. Must hold government-issued certification and tankerman certification when working aboard liquid-carrying vessels. Includes able seamen and ordinary seamen. Illustrative examples: Deckhand, Merchant Mariner
53-5021	Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water Vessels	Command or supervise operations of ships and water vessels, such as tugboats and ferryboats. Required to hold license issued by U.S. Coast Guard. Excludes “Motorboat Operators” (53-5022). Illustrative examples: Barge Captain, First Mate, Harbor Pilot, Port Captain
53-5022	Motorboat Operators	Operate small motor-driven boats. May assist in navigational activities. Illustrative examples: Launch Operator, Speedboat Operator, Water Taxi Operator
53-5031	Ship Engineers	Supervise and coordinate activities of crew engaged in operating and maintaining engines, boilers, deck machinery, and electrical, sanitary, and refrigeration equipment aboard ship. Excludes “Engineers” (17-2000). Illustrative examples: Barge Engineer, Ferry Engineer, Tugboat Engineer
53-6011	Bridge and Lock Tenders	Operate and tend bridges, canal locks, and lighthouses to permit marine passage on inland waterways, near shores, and at danger points in waterway passages. May supervise such operations. Includes drawbridge operators, lock operators, and slip bridge operators. Illustrative examples: Lighthouse Keeper, Lock and Dam Operator
53-6021	Parking Attendants	Park vehicles or issue tickets for customers in a parking lot or garage. May park or tend vehicles in environments such as a car dealership or rental car facility. May collect fee. Illustrative examples: Parking Ramp Attendant, Valet Parker
53-6031	Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants	Service automobiles, buses, trucks, boats, and other automotive or marine vehicles with fuel, lubricants, and accessories. Collect payment for services and supplies. May lubricate vehicle, change motor oil, refill antifreeze, or replace lights or other accessories, such as windshield wiper blades or fan belts. May repair or replace tires. Excludes “Cashiers” (41-2011). Illustrative examples: Gas and Oil Servicer, Gas Pump Attendant, Service Station Attendant
53-6032	Aircraft Service Attendants	Service aircraft with fuel. May de-ice aircraft, refill water and cooling agents, empty sewage tanks, service air and oxygen systems, or clean and polish exterior. Illustrative examples: Aircraft De-Icer, Aircraft Refueler, Airplane Refueler
53-6041	Traffic Technicians	Conduct field studies to determine traffic volume, speed, effectiveness of signals, adequacy of lighting, and other factors influencing traffic conditions, under direction of traffic engineer. Illustrative examples: Highway Traffic Control Technician, Traffic Signal Technician, Transportation Technician
53-6051	Transportation Inspectors	Inspect equipment or goods in connection with the safe transport of cargo or people. Includes rail transportation inspectors, such as freight inspectors, rail inspectors, and other inspectors of transportation vehicles not elsewhere classified. Excludes “Transportation Security Screeners” (33-9093). Illustrative examples: Aircraft Inspector, Motor Vehicle Emissions Inspector, Railroad Car Inspector
53-6061	Passenger Attendants	Provide services to ensure the safety of passengers aboard ships, buses, trains, or within the station or terminal. Perform duties such as explaining the use of safety equipment, serving meals or beverages, or answering questions related to travel. Excludes “Baggage Porters and Bellhops” (39-6011) and “Flight Attendants” (53-2031). Illustrative examples: Ship Steward, Train Attendant
53-6099	Transportation Workers, All Other	All transportation workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Rickshaw Driver
53-7011	Conveyor Operators and Tenders	Control or tend conveyors or conveyor systems that move materials or products to and from stockpiles, processing stations, departments, or vehicles. May control speed and routing of materials or products. Illustrative examples: Conveyor Belt Operator, Grain Elevator Operator
53-7021	Crane and Tower Operators	Operate mechanical boom and cable or tower and cable equipment to lift and move materials, machines, or products in many directions. Illustrative examples: Boom Crane Operator, Cherry Picker Operator, Coal Tower Operator
53-7031	Dredge Operators	Operate dredge to remove sand, gravel, or other materials in order to excavate and maintain navigable channels in waterways. Illustrative examples: Dredger
53-7041	Hoist and Winch Operators	Operate or tend hoists or winches to lift and pull loads using power-operated cable equipment. Excludes “Crane and Tower Operators” (53-7021). Illustrative examples: Winch Derrick Operator
53-7051	Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators	Operate industrial trucks or tractors equipped to move materials around a warehouse, storage yard, factory, construction site, or similar location. Excludes “Logging Equipment Operators” (45-4022). Illustrative examples: Forklift Operator, Stacker Operator
53-7061	Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment	Wash or otherwise clean vehicles, machinery, and other equipment. Use such materials as water, cleaning agents, brushes, cloths, and hoses. Excludes “Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners” (37-2011). Illustrative examples: Aircraft Cleaner, Auto Detailer, Car Wash Attendant
53-7062	Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	Manually move freight, stock, luggage, or other materials, or perform other general labor. Includes all manual laborers not elsewhere classified. Excludes “Construction Laborers” (47-2061) and “Helpers, Construction Trades” (47-3011 through 47-3019). Excludes “Material Moving Workers” (53-7011 through 53-7199) who use power equipment. Illustrative examples: Cargo Handler, Wharf Laborer
53-7063	Machine Feeders and Offbearers	Feed materials into or remove materials from machines or equipment that is automatic or tended by other workers. Illustrative examples: Hopper Filler, Spinning Doffer
53-7064	Packers and Packagers, Hand	Pack or package by hand a wide variety of products and materials. Illustrative examples: Egg Packer, Gift Wrapper, Grocery Store Bagger
53-7065	Stockers and Order Fillers	Receive, store, and issue merchandise, materials, equipment, and other items from stockroom, warehouse, or storage yard to fill shelves, racks, tables, or customers’ orders. May operate power equipment to fill orders. May mark prices on merchandise and set up sales displays. Excludes “Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks” (43- 5071), “Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand” (53-7062), and “Packers and Packagers, Hand” (53-7064). Illustrative examples: Night Stocker, Store Stocker, Warehouse Stocker
53-7071	Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators	Operate steam-, gas-, electric motor-, or internal combustion-engine driven compressors. Transmit, compress, or recover gases, such as butane, nitrogen, hydrogen, and natural gas. Illustrative examples: Butane Compressor Operator, Gas Cylinder Processor, Liquid Natural Gas Plant Operator
53-7072	Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers	Tend, control, or operate power-driven, stationary, or portable pumps and manifold systems to transfer gases, oil, other liquids, slurries, or powdered materials to and from various vessels and processes. Illustrative examples: Brewery Pumper, Fluid Pump Operator
53-7073	Wellhead Pumpers	Operate power pumps and auxiliary equipment to produce flow of oil or gas from wells in oil field. Illustrative examples: Oil Well Pumper
53-7081	Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors	Collect and dump refuse or recyclable materials from containers into truck. May drive truck. Illustrative examples: Garbage Collector, Recyclable Materials Collector, Trash Collector
53-7121	Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders	Load and unload chemicals and bulk solids, such as coal, sand, and grain, into or from tank cars, trucks, or ships, using material moving equipment. May perform a variety of other tasks relating to shipment of products. May gauge or sample shipping tanks and test them for leaks. Illustrative examples: Barge Loader, Rail Car Loader, Ship Unloader
53-7199	Material Moving Workers, All Other	All material moving workers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Bulldozer Operator, Freight Elevator Operator, Shovel Operator

55-0000 Military Specific Occupations

55-1011	Air Crew Officers	Perform and direct in-flight duties to ensure the successful completion of combat, reconnaissance, transport, and search and rescue missions. Duties include operating aircraft communications and radar equipment, such as establishing satellite linkages and jamming enemy communications capabilities; operating aircraft weapons and defensive systems; conducting preflight, in-flight, and postflight inspections of onboard equipment; and directing cargo and personnel drops. Illustrative examples: Airdrop Systems Technician, Special Project Airborne Electronics Evaluator
55-1012	Aircraft Launch and Recovery Officers	Plan and direct the operation and maintenance of catapults, arresting gear, and associated mechanical, hydraulic, and control systems involved primarily in aircraft carrier takeoff and landing operations. Duties include supervision of readiness and safety of arresting gear, launching equipment, barricades, and visual landing aid systems; planning and coordinating the design, development, and testing of launch and recovery systems; preparing specifications for catapult and arresting gear installations; evaluating design proposals; determining handling equipment needed for new aircraft; preparing technical data and instructions for operation of landing aids; and training personnel in carrier takeoff and landing procedures. Illustrative examples: Catapult And Arresting Gear Officer, Flight Deck Officer, Landing Signal Officer
55-1013	Armored Assault Vehicle Officers	Direct the operation of tanks, light armor, and amphibious assault vehicle units during combat situations on land or in aquatic environments. Duties include directing crew members in the operation of targeting and firing systems; coordinating the operation of advanced onboard communications and navigation equipment; directing the transport of personnel and equipment during combat; formulating and implementing battle plans, including the tactical employment of armored vehicle units; and coordinating with infantry, artillery, and air support units. Illustrative examples: Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV) Officer, Cavalry Officer, Tank Officer
55-1014	Artillery and Missile Officers	Manage personnel and weapons operations to destroy enemy positions, aircraft, and vessels. Duties include planning, targeting, and coordinating the tactical deployment of field artillery and air defense artillery missile systems units; directing the establishment and operation of fire control communications systems; targeting and launching intercontinental ballistic missiles; directing the storage and handling of nuclear munitions and components; overseeing security of weapons storage and launch facilities; and managing maintenance of weapons systems. Illustrative examples: Air Defense Artillery Officer, Naval Surface Fire Support Planner, Targeting Acquisition Officer
55-1015	Command and Control Center Officers	Manage the operation of communications, detection, and weapons systems essential for controlling air, ground, and naval operations. Duties include managing critical communication links between air, naval, and ground forces; formulating and implementing emergency plans for natural and wartime disasters; coordinating emergency response teams and agencies; evaluating command center information and need for high-level military and government reporting; managing the operation of surveillance and detection systems; providing technical information and advice on capabilities and operational readiness; and directing operation of weapons targeting, firing, and launch computer systems. Illustrative examples: Combat Information Center Officer, Command And Control Officer, Command And Control Systems Integrator
55-1016	Infantry Officers	Direct, train, and lead infantry units in ground combat operations. Duties include directing deployment of infantry weapons, vehicles, and equipment; directing location, construction, and camouflage of infantry positions and equipment; managing field communications operations; coordinating with armor, artillery, and air support units; performing strategic and tactical planning, including battle plan development; and leading basic reconnaissance operations. Illustrative examples: Infantry Weapons Officer
55-1017	Special Forces Officers	Lead elite teams that implement unconventional operations by air, land, or sea during combat or peacetime. These activities include offensive raids, demolitions, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and counterterrorism. In addition to their combat training, special forces officers often have specialized training in swimming, diving, parachuting, survival, emergency medicine, and foreign languages. Duties include directing advanced reconnaissance operations and evaluating intelligence information; recruiting, training, and equipping friendly forces; leading raids and invasions on enemy territories; training personnel to implement individual missions and contingency plans; performing strategic and tactical planning for politically sensitive missions; and operating sophisticated communications equipment. Illustrative examples: Parachute/Combatant Diver Officer, Sea-Air-Land Officer
55-1019	Military Officer Special and Tactical Operations Leaders, All Other	All military officer special and tactical operations leaders not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Chemical, Biological, Radiological, And Nuclear (CBRN) Officer, Joint Strategic Plans And Policy Officer, Special Technical Operations Officer
55-2011	First-Line Supervisors of Air Crew Members	Supervise and coordinate the activities of air crew members. Supervisors may also perform the same activities as the workers they supervise. Illustrative examples: Airborne Mission Systems Superintendent, In-Flight Refueling Manager
55-2012	First-Line Supervisors of Weapons Specialists/Crew Members	Supervise and coordinate the activities of weapons specialists/crew members. Supervisors may also perform the same activities as the workers they supervise. Illustrative examples: Armor Senior Sergeant, Field Artillery Senior Sergeant, Infantry Unit Leader
55-2013	First-Line Supervisors of All Other Tactical Operations Specialists	Supervise and coordinate the activities of all other tactical operations specialists not classified separately above. Supervisors may also perform the same activities as the workers they supervise. Illustrative examples: Command Post Superintendent, Intelligence Chief, Surface Ship USW Supervisor
55-3011	Air Crew Members	Perform in-flight duties to ensure the successful completion of combat, reconnaissance, transport, and search and rescue missions. Duties include operating aircraft communications and detection equipment, including establishing satellite linkages and jamming enemy communications capabilities; conducting preflight, in-flight, and postflight inspections of onboard equipment; operating and maintaining aircraft weapons and defensive systems; operating and maintaining aircraft in-flight refueling systems; executing aircraft safety and emergency procedures; computing and verifying passenger, cargo, fuel, and emergency and special equipment weight and balance data; and conducting cargo and personnel drops. Illustrative examples: Airborne And Air Delivery Specialist, Aviation Electronic Warfare Operator, In-Flight Refueling Craftsman
55-3012	Aircraft Launch and Recovery Specialists	Operate and maintain catapults, arresting gear, and associated mechanical, hydraulic, and control systems involved primarily in aircraft carrier takeoff and landing operations. Duties include installing and maintaining visual landing aids; testing and maintaining launch and recovery equipment using electric and mechanical test equipment and hand tools; activating airfield arresting systems, such as crash barriers and cables, during emergency landing situations; directing aircraft launch and recovery operations using hand or light signals; and maintaining logs of airplane launches, recoveries, and equipment maintenance. Illustrative examples: Aircraft Launch And Recovery Equipment Maintenance Technician, C-13 Catapult Operator, Expeditionary Airfield Systems Technician
55-3013	Armored Assault Vehicle Crew Members	Operate tanks, light armor, and amphibious assault vehicles during combat situations on land or in aquatic environments. Duties include driving armored vehicles that require specialized training; operating and maintaining targeting and firing systems; operating and maintaining advanced onboard communications and navigation equipment; transporting personnel and equipment in a combat environment; and operating and maintaining auxiliary weapons, including machine guns and grenade launchers. Illustrative examples: Assault Boat Coxswain, Bradley Linebacker Crewmember, M1A1 Tank Crewman
55-3014	Artillery and Missile Crew Members	Target, fire, and maintain weapons used to destroy enemy positions, aircraft, and vessels. Field artillery crew members predominantly use guns, cannons, and howitzers in ground combat operations, while air defense artillery crew members predominantly use missiles and rockets. Naval artillery crew members predominantly use torpedoes and missiles launched from a ship or submarine. Duties include testing, inspecting, and storing ammunition, missiles, and torpedoes; conducting preventive and routine maintenance on weapons and related equipment; establishing and maintaining radio and wire communications; and operating weapons targeting, firing, and launch computer systems. Illustrative examples: Air And Missile Defense (AMD) Crewmember, Field Artillery Fire Control Man, Gunner's Mate
55-3015	Command and Control Center Specialists	Operate and monitor communications, detection, and weapons systems essential for controlling air, ground, and naval operations. Duties include maintaining and relaying critical communications between air, naval, and ground forces; implementing emergency plans for natural and wartime disasters; relaying command center information to high-level military and government decisionmakers; monitoring surveillance and detection systems, such as air defense; interpreting and evaluating tactical situations and making recommendations to superiors; and operating weapons targeting, firing, and launch computer systems. Illustrative examples: Air Defense Command, Control, Communications, Computers And Intelligence Tactical Operations Center Enhanced Operator/Maintainer, C2 Tactical Analysis Technician, Command Post Craftsman
55-3016	Infantry	Operate weapons and equipment in ground combat operations. Duties include operating and maintaining weapons, such as rifles, machine guns, mortars, and hand grenades; locating, constructing, and camouflaging infantry positions and equipment; evaluating terrain and recording topographical information; operating and maintaining field communications equipment; assessing need for and directing supporting fire; placing explosives and performing minesweeping activities on land; and participating in basic reconnaissance operations. Illustrative examples: Infantryman, Machine Gunner, Mortarman
55-3018	Special Forces	Implement unconventional operations by air, land, or sea during combat or peacetime as members of elite teams. These activities include offensive raids, demolitions, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and counterterrorism. In addition to their combat training, special forces members often have specialized training in swimming, diving, parachuting, survival, emergency medicine, and foreign languages. Duties include conducting advanced reconnaissance operations and collecting intelligence information; recruiting, training, and equipping friendly forces; conducting raids and invasions on enemy territories; laying and detonating explosives for demolition targets; locating, identifying, defusing, and disposing of ordnance; and operating and maintaining sophisticated communications equipment. Illustrative examples: Combatant Swimmer (SEAL), Pararescue Craftsman, Special Forces Weapons Sergeant
55-3019	Military Enlisted Tactical Operations and Air/Weapons Specialists and Crew Members, All Other	All military enlisted tactical operations and air/weapons specialists and crewmembers not listed separately. Illustrative examples: Electronic Warfare Specialist, Landing Support Specialist, Psychological Operations Specialist